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Developmental Biology > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

zygote

A

single cell

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2
Q

development continues ________

A

throughout life

generate new blood cells, liver cells, etc

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3
Q

metamorphosis

A

larvae to adult

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4
Q

regeneration

A

replace amputated or removed organs or limbs

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5
Q

genomic (nuclear) equivalence

A

each cell has the same complement of DNA

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6
Q

totipotent stem cells

A

each cell has the ability to form the entire embryo plus fetal placenta

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7
Q

pluripotent stem cells

A

each cell has the ability to form all the embryonic structure

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8
Q

committed stem cells

A

can give rise to subsets of cell types

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9
Q

progenitor (precursor)

A

no longer stem cells

give rise to very specific types of cells yet can still be considered general

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10
Q

pluripotent stem cell form the

A

embryo

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11
Q

totipotent stem cells form the

A

embryo and fetal placenta

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12
Q

committed stem cells can give rise to

A

subsets of cell types

i.e. hemangioblasts- blood vessels blood cells and lymphocytes.

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13
Q

invagination occurs at

A

the vegetal pole

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14
Q

embryonic movement eventually lead to the formation of all three germs layers

A

endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

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15
Q

egg and sperm are

A

gametes

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16
Q

most animals have a clear separation of ______ and ______ early in development

A

germ cells, somatic cells

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17
Q

some animals ______ can become ______ even in adults

A

somatic cells can become germ cells

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18
Q

accessory cells

A

contribute to oogonium

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19
Q

primordial cells _________

A

make their way to the gonads, and are not formed there.

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20
Q

syngamy

A

sperm is in egg, but nuclei are not fused together yet

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21
Q

after meiosis 1

A

germinal vesicle

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22
Q

after meiosis 2

A

pronucleus

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23
Q

holoblastic cleavage

A

cells cleave completely into 2 cells

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24
Q

meroblastic cleavage

A

cells do not cleave completely

occurs in both telolecithal and centrolecithal eggs

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25
Q

eggs with yolk

A

cleave more slowly and unevenly

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26
Q

spermiogenesis

A

maturation of spermatids to spermatozoon

histones replaced by protamines

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27
Q

head of sperm contains

A

pronucleus, acrosome

28
Q

midpiece of sperm contains

A

2 centrioles which are micro tubular organizing center for microtubules of flagella
also contain mitochondria

29
Q

blastocoel

A

hollow section of blastula

30
Q

blastula

A

hollow sphere formed by blastomeres surrounding blastocoel

31
Q

types of cell division

A

holoplastic, meroblastic, superficial, radial, spiral

32
Q

holoblastic cleavage

A

isolecithal and mesolecithal eggs

seen in species with low to moderate yolk content

33
Q

radial cleavage

A

echinoderms and amphibians

34
Q

spiral cleavage

A

annelids, mulluscs, and flatworms

has no blastocoel

35
Q

bilateral cleavage

A

tunicates

36
Q

rotational cleavage

A

mammals and nematodes
blastocoel formed by fluid secreted by trophoblasts
entire structure is called blastocyst

37
Q

cleavage process controlled by

A

maternal effect factors

38
Q

cleavage of an egg eventually forms a

A

blastula

39
Q

128 cell stage

A

a blastula is formed

40
Q

mammals can divide cells __________

A

assymetrically, (i.e. 2-3-4 cells) only mammals

41
Q

spiral cleavage occurs in

A

snails

cleavage planes are at oblique angles to animal-vegetal axis

42
Q

no blastocoel=

A

stereoblastula (in spiral cleavage)

43
Q

blastocyst

A

mammalian equivalent of a blastula but is different because it has internal cells

44
Q

discoidal (telolecithal) cleavage

A

fish reptiles and birds

45
Q

superficial (centrolecithal) cleavage

A

most insects

46
Q

birds cleavage

A

discoidal cleavage

restricted to small disc of yolk free cytoplasm

47
Q

discoidal cleavage in egg forms

A

blastoderm

48
Q

cells in center of blastoderm

A

area pellucida

1 cell thick

49
Q

cells around center of blastoderm

A

area opaca

5-6 cells thick

50
Q

new cells produced from the area opaque and pellucida form

A

lower layer called hypoblast
upper layer is epiblast
in between the two layers is blastocoel

51
Q

single cell with multiple nuclei

A

syncytium

52
Q

nuclei migrate to the cell surface and divide 2 more times producing

A

syncytial blastoderm

53
Q

nuclei at the posterior end form membranes creating

A

pole cells

54
Q

membranes form around pole cells producing

A

cellular blastoderm

55
Q

superficial cleavage

A

multiple nuclei in a single cell form multiple cells along the membrane
no blastocoel

56
Q

cellularization

A

the process by which cell membranes form around the nuclei

57
Q

pattern of reaggregation

A

cells of embryo when scattered would realign to for the same layers as would typically be found in the embryo

58
Q

convergent extension

A

simultaneous narrowing and lengthening of a sheet of cells. brought about by intercalation of cells

59
Q

ingression

A

migration of individual cells from surface layer to the interior of embryo

60
Q

invagination

A

movement of a sheet of cells into the interior of the embryo, forming a pocket which has an opening to the surface

61
Q

involution

A

folding of a sheet of cells under itself. The sheet then spreads over the internal surface of the cells that remain on the outside.

62
Q

epiboly

A

spreading of a sheet of cells to enclose underlying layers. It is brought about by increase in cell numbers (cell division) flattening of cells or intercalation of subsurface cells into the surface layer

63
Q

delamination

A

splitting of a layer of cells into 2 layers

64
Q

condensation

A

to form an aggregate is often a prelude to the formation of structures, for example the somites, or the skeletal elements of the limbs. Condensation arises partly by increased local cell division, partly by reduction of local matrix secretion, and partly by increased cell to cell adhesion

65
Q

cavitation

A

a fluid-filled space can be hollowed out from a solid mass of cells by cell rearrangement, as in secondary neurulation, or by apoptosis of the cells in the interior

66
Q

epithelial to Mesenchymal transitions

A

occur whenever cells leave an epithelium and move off as individuals or as a mesenchymal mass

67
Q

planar cell polarity

A

acquisition of a polarity by cell in an epithelium in the direction of the plane of the epithelium

Developmental Biology (10 decks)

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