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Behavioural Data Science > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

behavioural data science aims to…

A

facilitate understanding, prediction, and change of human behaviour through the analysis of behaivourally defined variables as they arise in large datasets (big data) typically gathered using modern digital technology and analyzed with techniques for detecting patterns from high-dimensional data

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2
Q

what does bds fuse

A

mathematical modeling and statistical data analysis ideas with substance from social sciences.

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3
Q

wat moet bds altijd hebben

A

iets te maken met behaviour

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4
Q

3 goals of science

A

understanding, predicting and control (now called change)

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5
Q

understanding =

A

construction of psychological theories to explain behaviour

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6
Q

prediction =

A

application of statistical models to predict behaviour

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7
Q

change =

A

development of interventions to change behaviour

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8
Q

why do we need bds

A
  • human behaviour is the root of many problems
  • human behaviour is complicated to study, but standard methods to study it are remarkably simple (tests, questionnaires etc)
  • new sources of data -> need new ways of approach
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9
Q

the golden age of social science:

A

social science is transforming from a largely qualitative or experimentally oriented field, to a more data driven field wherein formal theories of human behaivour will become much more important

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10
Q

data =

A

representations of observations, specific to a particular person at a particular time

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11
Q

phenomena =

A

robust features of the world, patterns in data, bv associations and correlations.

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12
Q

theory =

A

set of principles that aim to explain a phenomena

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13
Q

why dont we try to explain data, only phenomena

A

omdat je dat alleen bij fraude bv doet, observaties zijn heel individueel en dus hoeven die niet uitgelegd te worden

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14
Q

data are structured in..

A

rows = cases
columns = variable/features/properties etc.

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15
Q

variables =

A

abstract structures that represent the differences between cases

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16
Q

verschil variables and data

A

data is meer specific, tested at one person at a certain time point. here we create variables from.

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17
Q

can you generalise data

A

no, but we can form phenomena

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18
Q

what describes a world in which the phenomena would follow as a matter of course

A

= theory

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19
Q

coming up with a good theory is a creative act, but it can be systematized and practiced

A

oke

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20
Q

the relationship between data, phenomena and theory

A

data establishes -> phenomena <- theory explains

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21
Q

hoe kom je van data naar theory stappenplan

A
  1. data are used to represent observations
  2. statistical models are used to detect patterns in observations: phenomena
  3. theories aim to explain phenomena
  4. theories describe a world in which phenomena would follow as a matter of course
  5. if theories are to explain statistical patterns, they are ideally cast in mathematical form
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22
Q

the lexical decision task =

A

In the lexical decision task, a participant is presented with a single word, usually visually in the center of a computer screen. The participant’s task is to decide, as quickly and as accurately as possible, whether the word is a real word of his or her language.

press keyboard key w/ index fingers
meestal 50% real words and 50% non real words

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23
Q

performance on ldt measures

A

how well which lexical representations are activated from memory

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24
Q

welke woorden leiden tot betere performance

A

high freq. words (more common) is better than low freq

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25
Q

what are 2 key variables of interest bij ldt

A

response time
accuracy (proportion correct responses)

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26
Q

wat voor mensen zijn beter in ldt

A

jonge mensen beter dan oudere

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27
Q

hoe kan je dit verschil in leeftijd verklaren

A

global slowing hypothesis: older adults are slower in all cognitive processes

due to age related demyelination? -> which harms transmission speed

28
Q

speed accuracy trade off

A

participants can invest more time, but then use this time to think better about their answer -> accuracy goes up. bij ouderen is dit het geval

29
Q

problems with standard analysis

A
  • no account for the tradeoff between accuracy and rt
  • no process model (does not show how the data originates)
  • unclear what mechanisms are
  • unclear how ppl generate the data
30
Q

dus wat is de oplossing

A

use a process model, die dus laat zien hoe de cognitive machinery de data produceert

31
Q

wat is een voorbeeld van een process model

A

ratcliff’s diffusion model

32
Q

ratcliff’s diffusion model =

A

a model that describes how noisy evidence is accumulated over time. when you look at the stimulus, you mentally accumulate information towards the word or non-word response, but this is a noisy process! dus het laat zien hoe simpele decision making processes occur

33
Q

wat is nog meer bijzonder aan ratcliffs diffusion model

A

laat zien hoe behaviour decomposed kan worden into latent psychological processes

34
Q

ratclif model history

A

vroeger bij bio en physics, maar later in psycho

35
Q

hoe werkt het ratcliff diffusion model

A

noisy info is accumulated over time (sequential sampling), deterministic of this noisy process = drift rate.
repeated draws from the lexical dimension drive a noisy accumulation of evidence. after some time, the accumulated evidence reaches a predetermined threshold amount, and the corresponding response is initiated.

36
Q

non decision time =

A

time needed for encoding and motor processes

37
Q

less noise in the model =

A

more accuracy!

38
Q

high drift rate =

A

very quickly the correct boundary is met.

higher drift rate for cat than for feline, dan minder snel naar de correct boundary

39
Q

waar ligt de drift rate aan

A

aan de task difficulty and subject ability

40
Q

boundary separation =

A

distance between word and non-word threshold

41
Q

what if the boundary separation is small

A

dan is er dus minder onderscheidt tussen word and non-word -> decisions are made more quickly, but with less accuracy

42
Q

what does boundary separation do

A

it quantifies the response caution, and is responsible for the speed-accuracy tradeoff

43
Q

starting point =

A

reflects a priori bias to saying word or non word.
als meeste stimuli woorden zijn, ga je daar ook van uit voor de volgende test.

44
Q

wat als researcher says its very important to correctly choose words

A

you would move your threshold further away for the word reponse

45
Q

dus bias in dit experiment =

A

starting point

46
Q

speed accuracy tradeoff in een zin

A

the general ability of people to increase accuracy at the cost of taking more time

47
Q

wat liet zien dat de global slowing hypothesis niet klopt

A

de drift rate is all the same

48
Q

wat laat sloomheid zien

A

als de boundary separation groter is

49
Q

nondecision time shows fluctuation…

A

dus heeft niets met leeftijd te maken

50
Q

wat is de conclusie van het onderzoek

A

reaction time task supports the global slowing hypothesis, maar diffusion model laat zien dat older adults are just as efficient in activating lexical content, but they are slower because they are more cautious

51
Q

process models help…

A

understand, decompose, measure and predict

52
Q

mensen hebben slechte intuitieover statistical processes zonder een concreet model, want verbal arguments can continue endlessly

A

oke

53
Q

dus theory construction is … not …

A

a skill, not art! (there can be a method to theory construction)

54
Q

psychology probleem

A

uses mostly verbal theories that do not map to empirical predictions

55
Q

theory construction stappen

A
  1. identifiy set of phenomena that you want to explain
  2. come up with a proto-theory
  3. formalize the proto-theory and the phenomena
  4. evaluate how well the resulting formal theory actually explains the phenomena -> evaluate explanatory adequacy
  5. overall evaluation of the theory
56
Q

wat is speed-accuracy trade off: data, theory of phenomena?

A

= phenomena

57
Q

wat is heritability

A

ook phenomena

58
Q

techniques used to detect data patterns

A

anova
regression
factor analysis
principal component analysis

59
Q

proto-theory =

A

often verbally formulated, set of principles that putatively explain the phenomena.

(what if the world worked like this, then the phenomena would not be surprising)

60
Q

wat zou de proto-theory bij positive manifold zijn

A

general intelligence

61
Q

positive manifold =

A

Positive manifold refers to the fact that scores on cognitive assessment tend to correlate very highly with each other, indicating a common latent dimension that is very strong. This latent dimension became known as g for general intelligence or general cognitive ability.

62
Q

why do we need to formalize the proto-theory and the phenomena

A

because ppl are very bad at assessing explanatory power intuitively -> we need a formal model

63
Q

theories almost never work as they were originally made

A

you always have to insert principles, or adjust

64
Q

theoretical cycle

A

identify empirical phenomena -> abduction -> develop proto-theory -> abstraction -> formalize theory and phenomena -> mathematical analysis and simulation -> check explanatory adequacy -> theoretical analysis -> evaluate theory -> deducation -> …

65
Q

waar is bds een combi van

A

psychology, statistics, data science

Behavioural Data Science (6 decks)

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