Lecture 1 Flashcards
Eras of Nutritional Science
1
Q
4 Eras of Public Health NS and Guidance
A
- Foundation Era
- Nutrition Deficiency Era
- Dietary Excess and Imbalances Era
- Food System Sustainability Era
2
Q
Foundation Era
A
1700-1930
- Food safety and poor sanitation
- foundations of modern NS emerge
- 1753 Lind recommends citrus to prevent scurvy in british sailors
- late 1700s: chemistry revolution in france in biochemical nature of food
- industrial revolution: increased production and consumption of protein
- food processing techniques (pasteurization) developed to improve food safety
3
Q
Nutrition Deficiency Era
A
1910-Present
- Hunger and micronutrient deficiencies
- 1937: League of Nations established first set of nutrition reference values (NRV)
- 1943: Recommended dietary allowances (RDAs)
- quantitative estimates of human requirements for essential nutrients. both expressed as weight/day
- 1990s-2000s: upper levels of intake (ULs): to avoid overconsumption and chronic disease
4
Q
Dietary Excess and Imbalances Era
A
1940-2000
- Obesity and chronic diseases
- After WW2 production of everything increases and consumption increased
- 1951 FAO/WHO expert committee on nutrition declared that overconsumption of food was bad for health
- framingham study and seven countries study
- 1970s: dietary goals developed.. expressed as average national intakes
5
Q
Food System Sustainability Era
A
1970-present
- Unsustainable food production/consumption
- nutrition ecology developed in mid-1970s
- 1986: gussow and clancy proposed dietary guidelines for environmental sustainability
- 2015: UN endorsed the sustainable development goals (SDGs)
6
Q
Kuhn’s theory on the structure of scientific revolutions
A
5 phase paradigm shift:
- pre-paradigm phase
- “normal science” continues: anomalies resolved
- crisis period occurs: cannot explain accumulated anomalies
- paradigm shift/scientific revolution
- normal science returns
7
Q
Antoine Lavoisier and Armand Seguin
A
increased activity causes increased respiratory output (CO2) (foundation era)
8
Q
Lavoisier and Laplace
A
compared heat produced with a guinea pig and heat produced with a candle (foundation era)
9
Q
NRVs
A
- nutrition reference values
- League of Nations established first set in 1937
- quantitative estimates of human requirements for essential nutrients. both expressed as weight/day
- Nutritional Deficiency Era
- now used for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs)
10
Q
RDAs
A
- Recommended dietary allowances
- 1943
- quantitative estimates of human requirements for essential nutrients. expressed as weight/day
- Nutritional Deficiency Era
11
Q
ULs
A
- 1990s-2000s: upper levels of intake (ULs): to avoid overconsumption and chronic disease
- Nutritional Deficiency Era
12
Q
Framingham Study
A
- late 1940s-early 1950s
- identified multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease (cholesterol, obesity)
- dietary excess era
13
Q
Seven Countries Study
A
- Ancel Keys
- claimed CVD was result of a lot of fat, saturated fat and cholesterol
- Yudkin said “no, it’s sugar!” but he was ignored because of industry influence.
- dietary excess era
14
Q
US Dietary Goals
A
- created in 1977
- said to lower dietary fat and sugar
- created controversy about what caused chronic disease, especially from economic stakeholders
- expressed in nutrients
- Dietary Excess Era
15
Q
Difference between RDA and Dietary Goals
A
- RDAs: micronutrients. only animal and metabolic trials.
- Dietary Goals: macronutrients. animal and metabolic studies, and clinical trials on humans.
