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Anatomy > Lecture 02: Introduction to blood > Flashcards

Lecture 02: Introduction to blood Flashcards

1
Q

blood derived from cells in bone marrow, therefore components of the circulatory systems are derived from which germ layer?

A

mesoderm

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2
Q

what are the functions of blood?

A

transport: oxygen, CO2 (carbonic acid), cellular waste, nutrients, hormones, enzymes
protection: immune response, blood clotting
regulation: water balance, chemical levels, pH, body temp

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3
Q

what are the components of the blood?

A
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • plasma
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4
Q

____% of plasma is simple water, remaining ___% equal important proteins

A

90%, 10%

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5
Q

What are the 3 important proteins in plasma?

A
  • Albumins
  • Fibrinogen
  • Globulins
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6
Q

What is the plasma protein Albumin function?

A

promote water retention (thus maintaining normal blood volume and pressure)

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7
Q

What is the plasma protein Fibrinogen function?

A

essential for blood clotting

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of plama globulins?

what are their function?

A
  • Alpha and Beta globulins function to transport fat soluble materials and lipids
  • Gamma globulins are antibodies functioning in preventing certain diseases
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9
Q

plasma makes up ___% and blood cells makes up ___%

A

plasma makes up 55% and erthrocytes makes up 45%

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10
Q

Mature red blood cells lack what?

-why is that?

A

they lack nuclei and organelles.
- they lack nuclei because the main function for erythrocytes is to transport oxygen. In order to maximize the amount of oxygen they carry, they mustn’t have organelles which will use the oxygen for their functions.

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11
Q

where are red blood cells produced before birth?

A
  • yolk sac
  • liver
  • spleen
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12
Q

Where are red blood cells produced after birth?

A

large cells of bone marrow of certain bones (vertebrae, sternum, hip, long bones)

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13
Q

What is the normal life span of a red blood cell?

A

120 days (4 months)

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14
Q

True or false: the spleen can come back into service after trauma?

A

true

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15
Q

What is the iron-rich molecule used to transport oxygen?

A

hemogloblin

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16
Q

what is “heme”

A

an iron-containing compound of the porphyrin class that forms the nonprotein part of hemoglobin and some other biological molecules.

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17
Q

heme component is only __% of actual molecule, this is the very important part because it contains ____

A

heme component is only 5% of actual molecule, this is the very important part because it contains iron

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18
Q

red blood cells also carry ….

A

carbonic acid (carbon dioxide)

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19
Q

CO2 is carried in hemoglobin, but much is _____ directly in the plasma

A

dissolved

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20
Q

most carbon dioxide is converted to ______ _____ by reaction with water

A

most carbon dioxide is converted to Carbonic acid by reaction with water

21
Q

what is the formula for the reaction with water and carbon dioxide?

A

CO2 + H2O –> H2CO3 —> H+ +HCO3-

22
Q

Red blood cells are generated by….

A

hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow

23
Q

after a red blood cell dies it is consumed by phagocytic cells, particularly in the ____ and ____

A

after a red blood cell dies it is consumed by phagocytic cells, particularly in the liver and spleen

24
Q

white blood cells retain a ____ (unlike a RBC)

A

white blood cells retain a nucleus. Which is why they live for a long time, and there are fewer

25
Q

what are the 2 types of leukocytes?

A
  1. Granulocytes 2. agranulocytes

granulocytes are derived from bone marrow like rbc

26
Q

what are the different types of leukocytes?

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
  • monocytes
  • lymphocytes
27
Q

describe the function of neutrophils

A

neutrophils are microphages that seek out ENGULF and destroy microorganisms

28
Q

describe the morphology and function of Eosinophils

A

Lobate (“B”-shaped), mobile microphages, similar to neutrophils, particulary important for attacking microorganisms

29
Q

describe the morphology and function of basophils

A

(elongate, lobed nuclei) regulate immunity against parasites and certain allergic responses

30
Q

describe the function of monocytes

- what differentiate from these

A

mobile macrophages, large (4-5X size of RBC), line vascular network of lymphatics and associated organs
- oseteocytes

31
Q

where are lymphocytes most common?

-where do they originate and where do they migrate?

A

lymphatic vessels

-originate in bone marrow and then migrate to lymphoid tissues-establish colonies

32
Q

true or false: can lymphocytes produce more of each other without involving bone marrow?

A

true; Originate in bone marrow, then migrate to lymphoid tissues – establish colonies.
Then, can produce MORE lymphocytes without involving bone marrow through mitosis

33
Q

where are lymphocytes common in?

A

-lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and lymphoid tissue of gut

34
Q

true or false: Lymphocytes are phagocytes

A

false; they can colaguate (clump) and kill cells but wont eat them

35
Q

what do lymphocytes regulate?

A

cellular immune response

36
Q

platelets function in…

A

the process of blood clotting and protection of vascular channels from internal damage

37
Q

What do platelets adhere to?

A

each other and the collagen of connective tissue (DO NOT ADHERE TO WBC OR RBC)

38
Q

agglutination occurs when….

A

there is a combination with different (incompatible) kinds of blood, which induces blood cells to clump up

39
Q

What are the 2 different version of agglutinogens

A

A and B (cell surface protein)

40
Q

What is an Antigen?

A

any substance that, as a result of coming into contact with appropriate tissues (lymphocyte B), induces a state of sensitivity and which reacts in a demonstrable way with tissues of the sensitized subject. (Generates antibodies in response to foreign proteins)
Simple answer :a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies. An antigen is any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it. An antigen may be a foreign substance from the environment, such as chemicals, bacteria, viruses, or pollen. An antigen may also be formed inside the body, as with bacterial toxins or tissue cells.

41
Q

What are antibodies?

A

an immune or protective protein (usually associated with a particular type of cell) that is characterized by reacting with a specific antigen. (product of lymphocyte B, antibodies recognize and binds to specific proteins)
Simple answer: a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. Antibodies combine chemically with substances that the body recognizes as alien, such as bacteria, viruses, and foreign substances in the blood.

42
Q

Cell surface protein: A
blood type: __
Antibodies: __
Compatible with: __

A

Cell surface protein: A
blood type: A
Antibodies: Anti-B
Compatible with: A, O

43
Q

Cell surface protein: B
blood type: __
Antibodies: __
Compatible with: __

A

Cell surface protein: B
blood type: B
Antibodies: Anti- A
Compatible with: B, O

44
Q

Cell surface protein: AB
blood type: __
Antibodies: __
Compatible with: __

A 
Cell surface protein: AB
blood type: AB
Antibodies: none
Compatible with: A, B, AB, O
(universal recipient)
45
Q

Cell surface protein: O
blood type: __
Antibodies: __
Compatible with: __

A 
Cell surface protein: O
blood type: O
Antibodies: Anti-A, Anti-B
Compatible with: O 
(All--> since no surface proteins, can donate blood to all--> universal donor)
46
Q

A & B are examples of what?

A

Cell surface proteins, agglutinogens, antigens

47
Q

What are antibodies? where do they come from?

A

lymphocytes

48
Q

When are antibodies produced?

A

lymph encounters specific proteins (i.e. antigens)

49
Q

What are the differences between arteries and veins?

A

arteries:
-Blood away from the heart (usu. O2)
No valves
Larger tunica media (i.e. ?)
More elastic tissue
Veins:
-Blood to the Heart (usu. –O2)
Valves
Smaller Tunica media (i.e ?)
Less elastic tissue

Anatomy (6 decks)

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