Lec 05 Lymphatic system/ development of respiratory system

Question 1

List similarities and differences between the circulatory and lymphatic system?

Answer 1

Cardiovascular Lymphatic

Derived from mesoderm Derived from mesoderm

Transport System Transport System

Has a pump (heart) No pump

Arteries No equivalent

Veins for return Lymph vessels for return

Veins have valves Lymph vessels have valves

Carries RC, WBC, plasma Carries WBC, plasma

Question 2

What are the major functions of the lymphatic system?

Answer 2

1. collection of excess water
2. Fat transport (tissue near small intestine into bloodstream)
3. Short term immune responses (microorganisms and other subtances)
4. Development of long term immunity

Question 3

Why do we have a lymphatic system?

Answer 3

because water, small proteins, white blood cells can escape the cardiovascular system.

We must have a way to return them to cardiovascular system, or there will be fluid buildup outside in tissues.

Question 4

what does lymph contain?

Answer 4

lymph latin for “clear water.”

Contains millions of white blood cells particularly common are lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 5

What are monocytes?

• When they attack microorganisms individually= ______
• When they attack tissues in a coordinated fashion= _____

Answer 5

Monocytes are white blood cells capable of attacking foreign microogranisms or tissues. Highly mobile

• When they attack microorganisms individually= Macrophages
• When they attack tissues in a coordinated fashion= Tissue Macrophages or histocytes

Question 6

What are lymphocytes?

What are the 2 types and what are their functions?

Answer 6

Lymphocytes are geared toward individual recognition of specific microorganisms or foreign substances.

• B-lymphocytes = produce specific antibodies
• T-lymphocytes = attack specific foreign cells

Question 7

What are lymph vessels?

• Smallest are similar to _____ in construction.
• Do not form a circuit like cardiovascular structures. Lymph capillaries have a “_____ _____.”
• Densely concentrated near ______ of _____ and other places where body interfaces with _______ ________.

Answer 7

• Smallest are similar to capillaries in construction.
• Do not form a circuit like cardiovascular structures. Lymph capillaries have a “terminal end.”
• Densely concentrated near surface of body and other places where body interfaces with external environment.

Question 8

Lacteals:

• Specialized lymph _____ associated with absorptive surfaces of ____ _____.
• One of the ways __ is incorporated in body fluids.
• Absorb ___ from ____ ____ for distribution throughout the body.
• (All the ____ droplets make the lymph appear “___,” thus the name lacteal.)

Answer 8

• Specialized lymph capillaries associated with absorptive surfaces of small intestine.
• One of the ways fat is incorporated in body fluids.
• Absorb fat from small intestine for distribution throughout the body.
• (All the fat droplets make the lymph appear “milky,” thus the name lacteal.)

Question 9

How does lymph circulate without a pump?

Answer 9

• It contracts smooth muscle in larger vessels
• squeezing action of skeletal muscles
• dumps into venous system; the connection “pulls” the lymph along

(lymph vessel hooks to vein and vein sucks it like a straw)

Question 10

over three-fourths of the body dump into the….

• What does it gather and where does it dump
• where does it run?

Answer 10

Thoracic duct

• it gathers lymph fluid and dumps into

the cyternia chyli

• it runs on the inside or the dorsal body wall (retroperitoneal)

Question 11

THORACIC DUCT

Begins as a loosely dialated sac and connections in the abdomen called the ______ ______

Drains both ____, and ____ side of body.

Goes through thorax, receives tributaries from: ____ ____ TRUNK (from ___ ____) and ____ ____ TRUNK (left side of ____ and ____).

Answer 11

THORACIC DUCT

Begins as a loosely dialated sac and connections in the abdomen called the CYSTERNA CHYLI.

Drains both legs, and left side of body.

Goes through thorax, receives tributaries from: LEFT SUBCLAVIAN TRUNK (from left arm) and LEFT JUGULAR TRUNK (left side of head and neck).

Question 12

Right Lymphatic Duct

• Upper ____ quadrant is drained by ____ ______ duct.
• It dumps into _____ _______ at junction between ____ _______ _____ and ____ _____ ____. (Technically into right brachiocephalic vein.)

Answer 12

Right Lymphatic Duct

• Upper right quadrant is drained by right lymphatic duct.
• It dumps into venous circulation at junction between right subclavian vein and right jugular vein. (Technically into right brachiocephalic vein.)

Question 13

most of drainage of hemizygous goes to the…

Answer 13

azygous

Question 14

thoracic duct deep to derivatives of ____ _____

Answer 14

cardinal veins

Question 15

What are the other lymphatic structures?

Answer 15

• lymph nodes
• tonsils
• spleen
• thymus gland
• pyer’s patches

Question 16

Scattered along lymph vessels are concentrated masses of lymph tissue called…

Answer 16

“lymph nodes”

Question 17

Where is the greatest concentration of lymph nodes?

Answer 17

• greatest concentration is near the groin, axilla, neck, thorax, and along gut tube in abdomen
• in women near mammary glands

Question 18

Lymph Nodes

Scattered along lymph vessels are concentrated masses of lymph tissue called “___ _____.”

Usually _-__ mm in length, but they can be larger.

Greatest concentration near __, ___, ___, ___, and along gut tube in ____. In women, near ____ glands.

_____ and _____ resident in the ____ (“cortex”) region of a lymph node. Thus, the nodes can act as _____.

_____ (entering) vessels bring ____ in; lymph is _____ through cortex.

“_____” is the inner collecting area.

_____ (exiting) vessel leaves at the “____”

Answer 18

Lymph Node

Scattered along lymph vessels are concentrated masses of lymph tissue called “lymph nodes.”

Usually 1-25 mm in length, but they can be larger.

Greatest concentration near groin, axilla, neck, thorax, and along gut tube in abdomen. In women, near mammary glands.

Macrophages and lymphocytes resident in the outer (“cortex”) region of a lymph node. Thus, the nodes can act as filters.

Afferent (entering) vessels bring lymph in; lymph is filtered through cortex.

“Medulla” is the inner collecting area.

Efferent (exiting) vessel leaves at the “hilus.

Question 19

Tonsils

(Sort of like large, glorified lymph nodes, but…)

They don’t act as ____.

Only produce _____ for export.

What are the 3 kind of tonsils we have what are their function?.

Answer 19

Tonsils

(Sort of like large, glorified lymph nodes, but…)

They don’t act as filters.

Only produce lymphocytes for export.

Phayrngeal tonsils, palatine tonsils, and lingual tonsils are defensive structures at the mouth, entrance to digestive and respiratory systems.

Question 20

Spleen

• Highly ______.
• In spleen, _____ passes resident macrophages and lymphocytes.
• Not strictly a lymph ____, but its interaction with ____ can stimulate production and action of materials normally found in _____.
• Macrophages abundant: help to scavenge spent red blood cells and recycle hemoglobin.
• Antigens (nasty stuff) in blood active lymphocytes in spleen for antibody production.

Answer 20

Spleen

• Highly vascularized.
• In spleen, BLOOD passes resident macrophages and lymphocytes.
• Not strictly a lymph filter, but its interaction with blood can stimulate production and action of materials normally found in lymph.
• Macrophages abundant: help to scavenge spent red blood cells and recycle hemoglobin.
• Antigens (nasty stuff) in blood active lymphocytes in spleen for antibody production.

Question 21

Thymus Gland

• ventral to ____ and _____ structures.
• Has outer cortex (containing many ____) and inner _____.
• ____ _____: transforms undifferentiated lymphocytes from bone marrow into T-lymphocytes.

Answer 21

Thymus Gland

• Ventral to heart and laryngeal structures.
• Has outer cortex (containing many lymphocytes) and inner medulla.
• Fetal thymus: transforms undifferentiated lymphocytes from bone marrow into T-lymphocytes.

Question 22

Pyer’s Patches

(aka aggregated lymph nodes)

1. clusters of lymphoid ____ without a fiborous ____
2. common in ____, ____ ______ and _____
3. secrete ____ in response to antigens in ____ tube, particularly ingested ____ and _____

Answer 22

Pyer’s Patches

(aka aggregated lymph nodes)

1. clusters of lymhoid tissue without a fiborous capsule
2. common in tonsils, small intestine and appendix
3. secret antibodies in response to antigens in gut tube particularly ingested viruses and bacteria