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Final exam EXCI 254 > Lect. 21 - Female reproductive system > Flashcards

Lect. 21 - Female reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

name the 6 organs of the female reproductive system

A 
ovaries
fallopian tubes
uterus
vagina
vulva
mammary glands
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2
Q

ligaments holding the ovaries in position (3)

A

broad lig.
ovarian lig.
suspensory lig.

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3
Q

structures of the ovary (4)

A

most sup to deep

  1. ovarian mesothelium
  2. tunica albuginea
  3. ovarian cortex
  4. ovarian medulla
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4
Q

ovarian mesothelium

A

covers surface of ovary

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5
Q

tunica albuginea

A

deep to germinal epithelium

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6
Q

ovarian cortex

A

deep to tunica albuginea, contains ovarian follicles

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7
Q

ovarian medulla

A

deep to the ovarian cortex

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8
Q

main functional unit of the ovaires

A

follicles

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9
Q

role of surrounding cells in the ovary (2)/

A

nourish oocyte and secrete estrogens as the follicle grows larger

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10
Q

large, fluid-filled follicle that will soon rupture and expel a secondary oocyte

A

one mature follicle

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11
Q

contains the remnants of an ovulated mature follicle

- produces progesterone, estrogen, relaxin and inhibin until it degenerates and turns into a corpus albicans (fibrous)

A

corpus luteum

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12
Q

blood supply of the ovary (1)

A

ovarian artery

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13
Q

on the right side, the ovarian drains into the ___, on the left it drains into the __ ___

A

IVC, renal veins

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14
Q

innervation of ovary

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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15
Q

what is oogenesis

A

formation of gametes in the ovaries

involves meiosis I and II

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16
Q

oogonia

A

divide to produce millions of germ cells

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17
Q

what is atresia

A

degeneration of most of the germ cells

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18
Q

at birth, btw ___ and ___ primary oocytes in each ovary

A

200,000 to 2,000,000

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19
Q

each month after puberty, release of ___ hormones from the pituitary gland stimulate the resumption of oogenesis

A

gonadotropic

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20
Q

each month after puberty, meiosis _ (1 or 2) resumes in many ___ follicles
only __ will mature and ovulate

A

1, primary

one

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21
Q

the diploid (2n) primary oocyte completes meiosis 1, producing two haploid cells of unequal size form :

A 
smaller cells (first polar body)
larger cell (secondary oocyte)
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22
Q

which of the two products of meiosis 1 receives most of the cytoplasm?

A

larger cell = secondary oocyte

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23
Q

meiosis II begins and then stops, what happens

A
  • the mature follicle ruptures soon after and releases its secondary oocyte (ovulation)
  • the secondary oocyte is swept into the uterine (fallopian) tube
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24
Q

what happens if sperm is present in the fallopian tube and one penetrates the secondary oocyte?

A

meiosis 2 resumes

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25
Q

what happens if there is not sperm present when the secondary oocyte is released?

A

meiosis 2 never occur and it is wasted for this month

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26
Q

the secondary oocyte splits into 2 haploid cells of unequal size

A

smaller cell = second polar body

larger cells = ovum (mature egg)

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27
Q

___ of the sperm cell and ___ unite to form a diploid (zygote)

A

nuclei, ovum

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28
Q

one ___ gives rise to a single gamete (ovum)

A

oogonium

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29
Q

4 parts of the uterine tubes (fallopian)

A

infundibulum
fimbriae
ampulla
isthmus

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30
Q

layers of the uterine tubes

A

mucosa
muscularis
serosa

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31
Q

fertilization usually occurs in the ____ of uterine tubes and may occur up to ___ after ovulation

A

ampulla

24 hours

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32
Q

the zygote usually arrives in the uterus about __ after ovulation

A

7 days

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33
Q

Forms part of pathway for sperm to reach uterine
tubes
Site of menstruation, implantation of a fertilized
ovum, and development of the fetus during
pregnancy

A

uterus

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34
Q

location of uterus

A

between the urinary bladder and rectum

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35
Q

7 parts of the uterus

A 
fundus
body
cervic
uterine cavity
cervical canal
internal os
external os
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36
Q

cervical canal opens into the uterine cavity as the ___ __ and into the vagina at the ___ __

A

internal os, external os

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37
Q

ligaments which maintain the shape of the uterus (4)

A

broad ligaments
uterosacral ligaments
cardinal (lateral cervical) ligaments
round ligaments

38
Q

uterus lig. - attach to pelvic cavity

A

broad ligament

39
Q

uterus lig. - connect uterus to sacrum

A

uterosacral ligament

40
Q

uterus lig. - extend from pelvic wall to cervix and vagina

A

cardinal ligament

41
Q

uteris lig. - extend from uterus to labia majora

A

round ligament

42
Q

3 layers of the uterus

A 
outer perimetrium (serosa)
intermediate myometrium
inner endometrium
43
Q

2 parts of the inner endometrium

A

stratum functionalis

stratum basalis

44
Q

content of cervical mucous (6)

A

water, glycoprotein, serum-type proteins, lipids, enzymes, inorganic salts

45
Q

serve as a sperm reservoir, protects sperm from phagocytes in the uterus

A

cervical mucous

46
Q

passageway for menstrual flow, childbirth, and semen during intercourse
located btw urinary bladder and rectum
attached to the uterus

A

vagina

47
Q

4 structures of the vagina

A

fornix
mucosa
muscularis
adventitia

48
Q

fornix of vagina

A

surrounds the cervix of the uterus

49
Q

mucosa of vagina (2)

A

continuous with that of the uterus

consists of transverse folds (rugae)

50
Q

layer of vagina that stretches considerably to accommodate the penis during sexual intercourse and a child during birth

A

muscularis layer

51
Q

anchors the vagina to adjacent organs like the urethra, urinary bladder, rectum and anal canal

A

adventitia

52
Q

2 parts of the vestibule

A

vaginal orifice

hymen

53
Q

external genitals of the female (vulva) (4)

A

mons pubis
labia majora
labia minora
clitoris

54
Q

elevation of adipose tissue covered with skin and pubic hair

A

mons pubis

55
Q

two folds of skin from the mons pubis

A

labia majora

56
Q

two smaller folds of skin
very little pubic hair and few sudiferous glands
contain many sebacous glands

A

labia minora

57
Q

prepuce and glans are included in this structure

A

clitoris

58
Q
  • two elongated masses of erectile tissue just deep
    to the labia on either side of the vaginal orifice
  • Fills with blood during sexual arousal, narrowing
    the vaginal orifice and placing pressure on the
    penis
A

bulb of the vestibule

59
Q

what is the perineum

A

diamond-shaped area medial to the thighs and buttock

contains the external genitalia and anus

60
Q

perineum - bounded anteriorly by what

A

pubic symphysis

61
Q

perineum - bounded laterally by what

A

ischial tuberosities

62
Q

perineum - bounded posteriorly by what

A

coccyx

63
Q

perineum - divided horizontally into an anterior ___ ___ and a posterior ___ ____

A

urogenital triangle

anal triangle

64
Q

modified sudoriferous glands that produce milk

A

mammary glands

65
Q

4 parts of mammary glands

A

nipple
lactiferous ducts
areola
suspensory ligaments

66
Q

mammary glands - pigmented projection

A

nipple

67
Q

mammary glands - where milk emerges

A

lactiferous ducts

68
Q

mammary glands - circular pigmented area around the nipple, contains modified sebaceous glands

A

areola

69
Q

mammary glands - run between skin and superficial fascia and support the breast

A

suspensory ligaments (cooper’s ligaments)

70
Q

mammary glands - each lobe consists of several lobules which are made up of milk-secreting glands called ___

A

alveoli

71
Q

milk passes from the alveoli into the ___ ____ and then into the mammary ducts

A

secondary tubules

72
Q

near the nipple, the ducts expands into ___ ___ where milk may be stored

A

lactiferous sinuses

73
Q

what is lactation

A

synthesis, secretion and ejection of milk

74
Q

what hormone stimulates lactation (1 main + 2)

A

prolactin with help from progesterone and estrogen

75
Q

ejection of milk is stimulated by an hormone release by the pituitary gland in response to sucking of an infant on the mother’s nipple

A

Oxytocin

76
Q

function of the ovarian cycle

A

develop a secondary oocyte

77
Q

function of the menstrual cycle

A

prepare the endometrium each month to receive a fertilized egg

78
Q

the female reproductive cycle includes both the ___ and the ___ cycles

A

ovarian and menstrual

79
Q

The uterine and ovarian cycles are controlled by

___ from the hypothalamus which stimulates the release of ___ and ___ by the ant. pituitary gland

A

GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
LH (leuteinizing hormone)

80
Q

role of FSH (2)

A

stimulate development of secondary follicles

initiate secretion of estrogens by the follicles

81
Q

role of LH (5)

A
  • stimulate further development of the follicles
  • secretion of estrogens by follicular cells
  • ovulation
  • formation of corpus luteum
  • secretion of progesterone and estrogen by corpus luteum
82
Q

dominant hormone during the pre-ovulatory phase

A

estrogens

83
Q

during which phase do a group of follicles in the ovaries begin to undergo final maturation

A

pre-ovulatory phase

84
Q

pre-ovulatory phase lasts approximately from days __ to __

A

days 6-13

85
Q

ovulation usually occurs on day __

A

14

86
Q
  • Rupture of the dominant mature follicle and the release of a secondary oocyte into the pelvic cavity
  • Brought on by a surge of LH
A

ovulation phase

87
Q

both progesterone and estrogens are secreted in large quantities by the corpus luteum of the ovary and
the uterine endometrium thickens in readiness for
implantation

A

post-ovulatory phase

88
Q

post-ovulatory phase is day __ to ___

A

15-28

89
Q

if fertilization and implantation do not occur what happens

A
  • the corpus luteum degenerates

- discharge of the endometrium followed by the start of a new reproductive cycle

90
Q

if fertilization and implantation do occur, what happens

A
  • the corpus luteum is maintained by placental hCG

- the corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogens to support pregnancy and breast development for lactation

Final exam EXCI 254 (10 decks)

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