Lect. 15/16 - Respiratory system Flashcards
name the 6 structures of the respiratory system
nose pharynx larynx trachea bronchi lungs
Functionally the system divides into two parts
- conducting portion
2. respiratory portion
interconnecting cavities and tubes which filter, warm and moisten the air and conducts it to the lungs
conducting portion of RS
tissues within the lungs where gas are exchanged
respiratory portion of RS
what is included in the conducting portion (7)
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
what is included in the respiratory portion (3)
bronchioles, alveolar sacs, alveoli
bones of the nose (3)
frontal, nasal, maxilla
cartilage of the nose includes (3)
septal, nasal, alar
nose - internal structures have three functions:
- warm, moisten and filter incoming air
- detect olfactory stimuli
- modify speech vibrations as they pass through resonating chambers
nose - lateral walls made of what (5)
ethmoid, maxilla, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal conchae
nose - floor made of what (2)
palatine and maxilla
nose - nasal septum made of what (4)
vomer, ethmoid, palatine and maxilla
what is the purpose of the arrangement of conchae and meatuses in the nose?
increase the surface area in the cavity and prevents dehydration by trapping droplets of water during exhalation
olfactory receptor cells lie where
in the membrane lining the superior nasal conchae and the septum
extends from internal nares to the level of the cricoid cartilage
pharynx (about 13 cm long)
lies posterior to the nasal/oral cavities and just anterior to the cervical vertebrae
pharynx
composition of pharynx
composed of skeletal muscle lined with a mucous membrane
name the two muscle layers of the pharynx
outer circular layer
inner longitudinal layer
3 divisions of the pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
t/f the pharynx provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds and house tonsils which participate in immune reaction against invaders
true
extends to soft palate
contains 5 openings
posterior wall contains pharyngeal tonsils
nasopharynx
what moves the mucous down in the nasopharynx when air and dust packages enter the nasopharynx from nasal cavity
the cilia found in the lining
in the nasopharynx, small amounts of air are exchanged with the _____
eustachian tube
extends from the soft palate to the level of the hyoid bone
contains one opening
has both digestive and respiration functions
contains two pairs of tonsils: palatine and lingual tonsils
oropharynx
other name for laryngopharynx
hypopharynx
begins at the level of hyoid bone
opens into the esophagus for food
opens into the larynx for air
last common pathway for food and air
laryngopharynx
larynx (lies where + connects what)
lies anterior to C4-C6 vertebrae
connects laryngopharynx to trachea
larynx is composed of 9 pieces of cartilage
thyroid cricoid epiglottis arythenoid (2) corniculate (2) cuneiform (2)
what structure prevents the food from going up
uvula
structure that moves the trapped particules up to the larynx
cilia
the mucous membrane of the larynx forms two pairs of fold
ventricular folds = false
vocal folds = true
t/f greater pressure results in louder sounds
true
___, ____, ____and ____ act as resonating chambers that give voice individual quality
pharynx, mouth, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
location of trachea
anterior to esophagus & extends from the larynx to T5
t/f trachea does not provide the same protection against dust as the membrane lining the nasal cavity and larynx
false, it does provide the same protection
layers of the trachea (deep to sup)
Mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage, adventitia
trachea is made up of __ to __ incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage
16 to 20
difference btw right and left primary bronchi
right one is more vertical. shorter and wider than left one
one of the most sensitive areas of the larynx and trachea for triggering a cough reflex
carina = internal ridge where trachea divides into primary bronchi
divisions of the bronchi (5)
primary bronchii secondary bronchii tertiary bronchii bronchioles (terminal bronchioles) bronchial tree
each lobe receives one
primary bronchi
separated by the heart and other structures in the mediastinum
lungs
location of lungs and 4 parts of it
extend from the diaphragm to just above the clavicle
base, apex, costal surface, mediastinal surface
what is contained in the mediastinal surface
hilus
t/f the right lung is 10% smaller than the left one
false, the left is 10% smaller than the right
why is the right lung thicker and broader but also shorter than the left?
to accommodate the liver which lies inferior to it
what is the pleural cavity + content
small space between visceral and parietal pleura which contains a small amount of lubricating fluid secreted by the membranes
what is pleuritis
inflammation of the pleura causing pain due to friction between layers
if inflammation of the pleural cavity persist =
excess fluid accumulates in pleural space (hard time breathing)
t/f both lungs have an horizontal fissure
false, oblique fissure
R lung also has a ___ fissure
horizontal
each lobe receives its own bronchus
- R primary bronchus gives rise to __ secondary bronchi
- L primary bronchus gives rise to __ secondary bronchi
R = 3 SB L = 2 SB
each lung has __ tertiary bronchi
10
how do we call the segment of lung tissue supplied by the tertiary bronchi
bronchopulmonary segment
each bronchopulmonary segment has small compartments called ?
lobules
content of a lobule (4)
a lymphatic vessel, an arteriole, a venule and a branch from a terminal bronchiole
terminal bronchioles subdivide into microscopic branches called _____ ____
respiratory bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles subdivide into several ___ ___
alveolar ducts
from the trachea, the respiratory passages branch about ____ times
25
where does the respiratory zone starts
respiratory bronchioles
what structure can be represented by a tennis court surface area
alveoli (about 300 million)
2 or more alveoli that share a common opening
alveolar sac
the walls of the alveoli consist of 2 types of alveolar epithelial cells
Type 1 alveoli cells
Type 2 alveoli cells
type 1 alveoli cells
main site of gas exchange
type 2 alveoli cells
secrete alveolar fluid, keep surface between cells and air moist
what is an alveolar macrophage
associated with alveolar wall
wandering phagocytes that remove fine dust particles and other debris in the alveolar spaces
arteries branching off the aorta that deliver oxygenated blood to the lungs
bronchial aa.
most of the blood returns via the ____ but some returns via the ___ (via branches of the azygos system)
pulmonary vv.
SVC
mechanism of pulmonary ventilation - 3 basic steps
- pulmonary ventilation
- external respiration
- internal respiration
mechanism of pulmonary ventilation - inspiration and expiration
pulmonary ventilation
mechanism of pulmonary ventilation - exchange of gas between air and spaces in the lungs
external respiration
mechanism of pulmonary ventilation - exchange of gas between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells
internal respiration
t/f just prior to inspiration, air pressure inside the lungs = atmospheric pressure
true
for air to flow into the lungs, pressure in alveoli must become ___ (lower or higher) than atmospheric pressure
lower (pressure gradient***)
to expand the alveoli of the lungs, the principle inspiratory muscles must contract (2)
diaphragm and external intercostals
most important muscle of inspiration
diaphragm
innervation of the diaphragm
phrenic nerve
contraction causes the diaphragm to ___ (round or flat), increasing the vertical diameter of the thoracic cavity
flatten
contraction of this muscle occurs at the same time as the diaphragm
external intercostals
external intercostals run obliquely between the ribs and does what 2 things
- pull the ribs superiorly and push the sternum anterior
2. increases anteroposterior and lateral diameter of the cavity
as overall size of thoracic cavity increases, the walls of the lungs are pulled ___ (upward or downward)
upward
during inspiration, parietal and visceral pleura are pulled ___ (inward or outward)
outward
accessory muscles that help in deep inspiration include (3)
sternocleidomastoid
scalenes
pectoralis minor
achieved when pressure in lungs exceeds that of atmospheric pressure
expiration
expiration depends on 2 factors
- the recoil of the elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration
- the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid
during expiration, ribs move ___ and diaphragm moves ___
inferior, up
muscles of expiration include (2)
abdominal m.
internal intercostals m.
action of abdominals muscles
move ribs inferior and compress abdominal viscera forcing the diaphragm up
action of internal intercostals muscles
extend inferiorly and posteriorly between the ribs, pulls ribs inferiorly
t/f regulation of respiration can be controlled voluntarily for a long period of time
false, for short periods
regulation of respiration is usually controlled by which system
nervous system
clusters of neurons located bilaterally in the medulla oblongata and pons cause contraction and relaxation of respiratory m.
respiratory center
respiratory center consists of groups of neurons functionally divided into 3 areas
- medulla rhythmicity area (medulla oblongata)
- pneumotaxic area (pons)
- apneustic area (pons)
medullary rhythmicity area (3)
controls basic rhythm of respiration
normal resting rate
consists of inspiratory and expiratory neurons that make up inspiratory and expiratory area
normal resting rate - inspiration vs expiration
2 seconds
3 seconds
breathing rhythm see p.68
read
during quiet breathing, neurons of the expiratory area remain ___
unactive
during forceful ventilation, nerve impulses from the inspiratory area ___ the expiratory area
activate
major function and location of pneumotaxic area
located in the superior portion of the pons
major function = to help turn off inspiratory area before lungs become too full of air
when pneumotaxic activity is increased, breathing rate is ___
increase = more rapid
role and location of apneustic area
located in the inferior portion of the pons
sends stimulating impulses to the inspiratory area that activate it and prolong inspiration, inhibiting expiration
apneustic area’s action occurs when?
when the pneumotaxic is inactive
rhythm can be modified in response to input from other regions of the brain and receptors of the CNS, name them (3)
- cortical influence
- chemical influence
- inflation reflex
t/f because the cerebral cortex has connections with the respiratory center, we can voluntarily alter our pattern of breathing
true
Cortical influence is controlled by what (2)
build up of CO2 and H+ in the blood
chemical regulation of respiration
certain chemical stimuli moderate how quickly and deeply we breath
chemoreceptors in 2 locations monitor blood levels of CO2 and O2 and provide input to the respiratory center
2 types of chemoreceptors
central and peripheral chemoreceptors
central chemoreceptors (location + respond to what)
located in the medulla oblongata
Respond to changes in H+ and CO2 concentration in CSF
peripheral chemoreceptors (location + sensitive to what)
located in the walls of systemic aa. & found in aortic body and carotid body
Sensitive to changes in CO2 in the blood
The inflation reflex other name
Hering-Breuer reflex
what is the role of the baroreceptors of the inflation reflex? + location
located in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles
Stretch-sensory receptors that stimulate the vagus nerve to inspiration and apneustic areas when overinflation of the lungs
when is it that baroreceptors are no longer stimulated after the stretching?
when expiration begins
exercise and respiratory system - change in BF, O2 pickup, rate of diffusion, O2 consumption/CO2 production/ventilation
INCREASE IN ALL OF THOSE
