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Final exam EXCI 254 > Lect. 15/16 - Respiratory system > Flashcards

Lect. 15/16 - Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

name the 6 structures of the respiratory system

A 
nose
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
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2
Q

Functionally the system divides into two parts

A
  1. conducting portion

2. respiratory portion

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3
Q

interconnecting cavities and tubes which filter, warm and moisten the air and conducts it to the lungs

A

conducting portion of RS

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4
Q

tissues within the lungs where gas are exchanged

A

respiratory portion of RS

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5
Q

what is included in the conducting portion (7)

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

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6
Q

what is included in the respiratory portion (3)

A

bronchioles, alveolar sacs, alveoli

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7
Q

bones of the nose (3)

A

frontal, nasal, maxilla

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8
Q

cartilage of the nose includes (3)

A

septal, nasal, alar

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9
Q

nose - internal structures have three functions:

A
  • warm, moisten and filter incoming air
  • detect olfactory stimuli
  • modify speech vibrations as they pass through resonating chambers
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10
Q

nose - lateral walls made of what (5)

A

ethmoid, maxilla, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal conchae

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11
Q

nose - floor made of what (2)

A

palatine and maxilla

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12
Q

nose - nasal septum made of what (4)

A

vomer, ethmoid, palatine and maxilla

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13
Q

what is the purpose of the arrangement of conchae and meatuses in the nose?

A

increase the surface area in the cavity and prevents dehydration by trapping droplets of water during exhalation

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14
Q

olfactory receptor cells lie where

A

in the membrane lining the superior nasal conchae and the septum

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15
Q

extends from internal nares to the level of the cricoid cartilage

A

pharynx (about 13 cm long)

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16
Q

lies posterior to the nasal/oral cavities and just anterior to the cervical vertebrae

A

pharynx

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17
Q

composition of pharynx

A

composed of skeletal muscle lined with a mucous membrane

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18
Q

name the two muscle layers of the pharynx

A

outer circular layer

inner longitudinal layer

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19
Q

3 divisions of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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20
Q

t/f the pharynx provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds and house tonsils which participate in immune reaction against invaders

A

true

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21
Q

extends to soft palate
contains 5 openings
posterior wall contains pharyngeal tonsils

A

nasopharynx

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22
Q

what moves the mucous down in the nasopharynx when air and dust packages enter the nasopharynx from nasal cavity

A

the cilia found in the lining

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23
Q

in the nasopharynx, small amounts of air are exchanged with the _____

A

eustachian tube

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24
Q

extends from the soft palate to the level of the hyoid bone
contains one opening
has both digestive and respiration functions
contains two pairs of tonsils: palatine and lingual tonsils

A

oropharynx

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25
Q

other name for laryngopharynx

A

hypopharynx

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26
Q

begins at the level of hyoid bone
opens into the esophagus for food
opens into the larynx for air
last common pathway for food and air

A

laryngopharynx

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27
Q

larynx (lies where + connects what)

A

lies anterior to C4-C6 vertebrae

connects laryngopharynx to trachea

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28
Q

larynx is composed of 9 pieces of cartilage

A 
thyroid
cricoid
epiglottis
arythenoid (2)
corniculate (2)
cuneiform (2)
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29
Q

what structure prevents the food from going up

A

uvula

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30
Q

structure that moves the trapped particules up to the larynx

A

cilia

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31
Q

the mucous membrane of the larynx forms two pairs of fold

A

ventricular folds = false

vocal folds = true

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32
Q

t/f greater pressure results in louder sounds

A

true

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33
Q

___, ____, ____and ____ act as resonating chambers that give voice individual quality

A

pharynx, mouth, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses

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34
Q

location of trachea

A

anterior to esophagus & extends from the larynx to T5

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35
Q

t/f trachea does not provide the same protection against dust as the membrane lining the nasal cavity and larynx

A

false, it does provide the same protection

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36
Q

layers of the trachea (deep to sup)

A

Mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage, adventitia

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37
Q

trachea is made up of __ to __ incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage

A

16 to 20

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38
Q

difference btw right and left primary bronchi

A

right one is more vertical. shorter and wider than left one

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39
Q

one of the most sensitive areas of the larynx and trachea for triggering a cough reflex

A

carina = internal ridge where trachea divides into primary bronchi

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40
Q

divisions of the bronchi (5)

A 
primary bronchii
secondary bronchii
tertiary bronchii
bronchioles (terminal bronchioles)
bronchial tree
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41
Q

each lobe receives one

A

primary bronchi

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42
Q

separated by the heart and other structures in the mediastinum

A

lungs

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43
Q

location of lungs and 4 parts of it

A

extend from the diaphragm to just above the clavicle

base, apex, costal surface, mediastinal surface

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44
Q

what is contained in the mediastinal surface

A

hilus

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45
Q

t/f the right lung is 10% smaller than the left one

A

false, the left is 10% smaller than the right

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46
Q

why is the right lung thicker and broader but also shorter than the left?

A

to accommodate the liver which lies inferior to it

47
Q

what is the pleural cavity + content

A

small space between visceral and parietal pleura which contains a small amount of lubricating fluid secreted by the membranes

48
Q

what is pleuritis

A

inflammation of the pleura causing pain due to friction between layers

49
Q

if inflammation of the pleural cavity persist =

A

excess fluid accumulates in pleural space (hard time breathing)

50
Q

t/f both lungs have an horizontal fissure

A

false, oblique fissure

51
Q

R lung also has a ___ fissure

A

horizontal

52
Q

each lobe receives its own bronchus

  • R primary bronchus gives rise to __ secondary bronchi
  • L primary bronchus gives rise to __ secondary bronchi
A 
R = 3 SB
L = 2 SB
53
Q

each lung has __ tertiary bronchi

A

10

54
Q

how do we call the segment of lung tissue supplied by the tertiary bronchi

A

bronchopulmonary segment

55
Q

each bronchopulmonary segment has small compartments called ?

A

lobules

56
Q

content of a lobule (4)

A

a lymphatic vessel, an arteriole, a venule and a branch from a terminal bronchiole

57
Q

terminal bronchioles subdivide into microscopic branches called _____ ____

A

respiratory bronchioles

58
Q

respiratory bronchioles subdivide into several ___ ___

A

alveolar ducts

59
Q

from the trachea, the respiratory passages branch about ____ times

A

25

60
Q

where does the respiratory zone starts

A

respiratory bronchioles

61
Q

what structure can be represented by a tennis court surface area

A

alveoli (about 300 million)

62
Q

2 or more alveoli that share a common opening

A

alveolar sac

63
Q

the walls of the alveoli consist of 2 types of alveolar epithelial cells

A

Type 1 alveoli cells

Type 2 alveoli cells

64
Q

type 1 alveoli cells

A

main site of gas exchange

65
Q

type 2 alveoli cells

A

secrete alveolar fluid, keep surface between cells and air moist

66
Q

what is an alveolar macrophage

A

associated with alveolar wall

wandering phagocytes that remove fine dust particles and other debris in the alveolar spaces

67
Q

arteries branching off the aorta that deliver oxygenated blood to the lungs

A

bronchial aa.

68
Q

most of the blood returns via the ____ but some returns via the ___ (via branches of the azygos system)

A

pulmonary vv.

SVC

69
Q

mechanism of pulmonary ventilation - 3 basic steps

A
  1. pulmonary ventilation
  2. external respiration
  3. internal respiration
70
Q

mechanism of pulmonary ventilation - inspiration and expiration

A

pulmonary ventilation

71
Q

mechanism of pulmonary ventilation - exchange of gas between air and spaces in the lungs

A

external respiration

72
Q

mechanism of pulmonary ventilation - exchange of gas between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells

A

internal respiration

73
Q

t/f just prior to inspiration, air pressure inside the lungs = atmospheric pressure

A

true

74
Q

for air to flow into the lungs, pressure in alveoli must become ___ (lower or higher) than atmospheric pressure

A

lower (pressure gradient***)

75
Q

to expand the alveoli of the lungs, the principle inspiratory muscles must contract (2)

A

diaphragm and external intercostals

76
Q

most important muscle of inspiration

A

diaphragm

77
Q

innervation of the diaphragm

A

phrenic nerve

78
Q

contraction causes the diaphragm to ___ (round or flat), increasing the vertical diameter of the thoracic cavity

A

flatten

79
Q

contraction of this muscle occurs at the same time as the diaphragm

A

external intercostals

80
Q

external intercostals run obliquely between the ribs and does what 2 things

A
  1. pull the ribs superiorly and push the sternum anterior

2. increases anteroposterior and lateral diameter of the cavity

81
Q

as overall size of thoracic cavity increases, the walls of the lungs are pulled ___ (upward or downward)

A

upward

82
Q

during inspiration, parietal and visceral pleura are pulled ___ (inward or outward)

A

outward

83
Q

accessory muscles that help in deep inspiration include (3)

A

sternocleidomastoid
scalenes
pectoralis minor

84
Q

achieved when pressure in lungs exceeds that of atmospheric pressure

A

expiration

85
Q

expiration depends on 2 factors

A
  • the recoil of the elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration
  • the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid
86
Q

during expiration, ribs move ___ and diaphragm moves ___

A

inferior, up

87
Q

muscles of expiration include (2)

A

abdominal m.

internal intercostals m.

88
Q

action of abdominals muscles

A

move ribs inferior and compress abdominal viscera forcing the diaphragm up

89
Q

action of internal intercostals muscles

A

extend inferiorly and posteriorly between the ribs, pulls ribs inferiorly

90
Q

t/f regulation of respiration can be controlled voluntarily for a long period of time

A

false, for short periods

91
Q

regulation of respiration is usually controlled by which system

A

nervous system

92
Q

clusters of neurons located bilaterally in the medulla oblongata and pons cause contraction and relaxation of respiratory m.

A

respiratory center

93
Q

respiratory center consists of groups of neurons functionally divided into 3 areas

A
  • medulla rhythmicity area (medulla oblongata)
  • pneumotaxic area (pons)
  • apneustic area (pons)
94
Q

medullary rhythmicity area (3)

A

controls basic rhythm of respiration
normal resting rate
consists of inspiratory and expiratory neurons that make up inspiratory and expiratory area

95
Q

normal resting rate - inspiration vs expiration

A

2 seconds

3 seconds

96
Q

breathing rhythm see p.68

A

read

97
Q

during quiet breathing, neurons of the expiratory area remain ___

A

unactive

98
Q

during forceful ventilation, nerve impulses from the inspiratory area ___ the expiratory area

A

activate

99
Q

major function and location of pneumotaxic area

A

located in the superior portion of the pons

major function = to help turn off inspiratory area before lungs become too full of air

100
Q

when pneumotaxic activity is increased, breathing rate is ___

A

increase = more rapid

101
Q

role and location of apneustic area

A

located in the inferior portion of the pons

sends stimulating impulses to the inspiratory area that activate it and prolong inspiration, inhibiting expiration

102
Q

apneustic area’s action occurs when?

A

when the pneumotaxic is inactive

103
Q

rhythm can be modified in response to input from other regions of the brain and receptors of the CNS, name them (3)

A
  • cortical influence
  • chemical influence
  • inflation reflex
104
Q

t/f because the cerebral cortex has connections with the respiratory center, we can voluntarily alter our pattern of breathing

A

true

105
Q

Cortical influence is controlled by what (2)

A

build up of CO2 and H+ in the blood

106
Q

chemical regulation of respiration

A

certain chemical stimuli moderate how quickly and deeply we breath
chemoreceptors in 2 locations monitor blood levels of CO2 and O2 and provide input to the respiratory center

107
Q

2 types of chemoreceptors

A

central and peripheral chemoreceptors

108
Q

central chemoreceptors (location + respond to what)

A

located in the medulla oblongata

Respond to changes in H+ and CO2 concentration in CSF

109
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors (location + sensitive to what)

A

located in the walls of systemic aa. & found in aortic body and carotid body
Sensitive to changes in CO2 in the blood

110
Q

The inflation reflex other name

A

Hering-Breuer reflex

111
Q

what is the role of the baroreceptors of the inflation reflex? + location

A

located in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles
Stretch-sensory receptors that stimulate the vagus nerve to inspiration and apneustic areas when overinflation of the lungs

112
Q

when is it that baroreceptors are no longer stimulated after the stretching?

A

when expiration begins

113
Q

exercise and respiratory system - change in BF, O2 pickup, rate of diffusion, O2 consumption/CO2 production/ventilation

A

INCREASE IN ALL OF THOSE

Final exam EXCI 254 (10 decks)

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