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Final exam EXCI 254 > Lect. 17/18 - Digestive system > Flashcards

Lect. 17/18 - Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

Basic functions of the digestive system (6)

A 
Ingestion
Secretion
Mixing and propulsion
Digestion
Absorption
Defecation
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2
Q

Layers of the GI tract

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

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3
Q

3 layers of the mucosa

A
  1. Lining of epithelium
  2. Lamina propria
  3. Muscularis mucosa
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4
Q

Eptihelium in mouth, pharynx, esophagus and anal canal serves a ____ function

A

protective

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5
Q

Epithelium in the stomach and intestines functions in ___ and ____

A

secretion and absorption

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6
Q

Every __ to __; epithelial cells are replaced by new ones

A

5 to 7 days

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7
Q

2 types of cells within the absorptive epithelial cells

A

Exocrine cells = secrete mucous and fluid into the lumen

Endocrine cells = secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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8
Q

Roles of the lamina propria layer (2)

A

supports the epithelium and binds it to the muscularis mucosa
- also contains MALT

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9
Q

what is MALT

A

mucosa-associated lymph tissue

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10
Q

Roles of the muscularis mucosa (2)

A

increases the surface area for digestion and absorption

- movement of muscle ensures that all absorptive cells are fully exposed to contents of the GI tract

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11
Q

Content of submucosa (1)

A

Meissner’s plexus

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12
Q

What is meissner’s plexus

A

portion of the Enteric nerve plexus - ENS (“brain of the gut”)

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13
Q

why is meissner’s plexus important

A

important in controlling secretions in the GI tract

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14
Q

Muscularis layer - involuntary contractions help in 3 ways

A
  • help break down food physically
  • mix it with digestive secretions
  • propel it along the GI tract
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15
Q

muscularis layer contains what

A

second plexus of the ENS - myenteric (auerbach) nerve plexus

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16
Q

role of myenteric nerve plexus

A

controls primarily the frequency and strength of contraction of the muscularis

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17
Q

serosa layer + other name

A

superficial layer

also called visceral peritoneum on structures inferior to the diaphragm

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18
Q

Layers of the peritoneum

A

Parietal peritoneum
Visceral peritoneum
Peritoneal cavity

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19
Q

peritoneum - lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity

A

parietal peritoneum

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20
Q

peritoneum - covers some organs in the cavity and forms their serosa

A

visceral peritoneum

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21
Q

peritoneum - thin space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum (contains serous fluid)

A

peritoneal cavity

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22
Q

what is the largest peritoneal fold?

A

greater omentum

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23
Q

hangs loosely over the transverse colon and coils of SI

double sheet that folds back on itself

A

greater omentum

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24
Q

name the other peritoneal folds (4)

A

falciform ligament
lesser omentum
mesentery
mesocolon

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25
Q

attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm

A

falciform ligament

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26
Q

arises as 2 folds in the serosa of the stomach and duodenum + suspends stomach and duodenum from liver

A

lesser omentum

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27
Q

binds the SI to the posterior abdominal wall (pied de choufleur)

A

mesentery

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28
Q

fold of peritoneum which binds the LI to the posterior abdominal wall

A

mesocolon

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29
Q

cheeks, hard and soft palate, tongue

A

the mouth

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30
Q

what is the labial frenulum

A

fold of mucous membrane that attaches the lips to their corresponding gums

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31
Q

what forms the hard palate (2)

A

maxilla and palatine bones

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32
Q

what is the uvula

A

muscular process hanging from the free border of the soft palate

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33
Q

what is the soft palate

A

muscular separation between oropharynx and nasopharynx

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34
Q

the mouth - palatine tonsils location

A

situated between the arches

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35
Q

the mouth - lingual tonsils location

A

situated at the base of the tongue

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36
Q

the mouth - fauces

A

opening between the oral cavity and the pharynx (throat)

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37
Q

when food enters the mouth, secretion from the salivary glands ___ and chemical breakdown of food begins

A

increase

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38
Q

roles of salivary glands when secreting saliva (2)

A

keep mucous membrane of mouth and pharynx moist

cleanse the mouth and teeth

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39
Q

3 major salivary glands

A

parotid glands
submandibular glands
sublingual glands

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40
Q

salivary glands - located inferior and anterior to the ears, btw the skin and masseter muscle

A

parotid glands

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41
Q

how does the parotid gland secrete saliva into the oral cavity?

A

via the parotid (Stensen’s) duct

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42
Q

salivary glands - found beneath the base of the tongue in the posterior part of the floor of the mouth

A

submandibular glands

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43
Q

where do the submandibular (Wharton’s) ducts enter the oral cavity?

A

lateral to the lingual frenulum

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44
Q

salivary glands - superior to submandibular glands

A

sublingual glands

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45
Q

which ducts open into the floor of the mouth?

A

lesser sublingual (Rivinus) ducts

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46
Q

salivary glands - sympathetic innervation

A

initiates vasoconstriction = decrease production of saliva

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47
Q

salivary glands - parasympathetic innervation

A

initiates vasodilation = increase production of saliva

48
Q

what are the two important components of the saliva (made of mostly water)

A

salivary amylase

lingual lipase

49
Q

what can also stimulate secretion in saliva

A

smell, sight, sound or thought of food

50
Q

the tongue attaches to which 3 bones

A

hyoid bone, styloid process, and mandible

51
Q

extrinsic muscles of the tongue(3)

A

hyoglossus, genioglossus, styloglossus

52
Q

role of extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

move the tongue from side to side and in & out to maneuver food

53
Q

role of intrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

alter shape and size of tongue for speech and swallowing

54
Q

dorsal and lateral surfaces of the tongue are covered with papillae (4)

A

fungiform papillae
filliform
circumvallate
foliate papillae

55
Q

which papillae of the tongue don’t have taste buds?

A

Filliform

56
Q

what is deglutition

A

mechanism that moves food from the mouth to the stomach

57
Q

condition where a person’s lingual frenulum is abnormally short or rigid impairing eating and speech

A

ankyloglossia

58
Q

condition where sometimes a portion of the stomach pierces through the esophageal hiatus

A

hiatal hernia

59
Q

layers of the esophagus

A

adventitia
muscularis
submucosa
mucosa

60
Q

3 parts of muscularis layer of esophagus

A

superior 1/3 = skeletal muscle
middle 1/3 = skeletal and smooth muscle
inferior 1/3 = smooth muscle

61
Q

content of submucosa layer of esophagus (3)

A

areolar connective tissue, blood vessels and mucous glands

62
Q

role of mucosa layer of esophagus

A

offers protection against abrasion and wear & tear from food particles that are chewed, mixed with secretions and swallowed

63
Q

Functions of the esophagus (2)

A

secretes mucous and transports food in the stomach

64
Q

what controls the passage of food from laryngopharyngeal

A

upper esophageal sphincter

65
Q

food is pushed through esophagus by ____ (mechanism)

A

peristalsis

66
Q

what is peristalsis

A

progression of involuntary contraction and relaxation of the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis

67
Q

structure that relaxes during swallowing allowing the bolus to pass into the stomach
located at the narrowing of the esophagus just superior to the diaphragm

A

lower esophageal sphincter

68
Q

the stomach connects which 2 structures

A

connects esophagus to the duodenum

69
Q

serves as a mixing and holding reservoir since meals are eaten more quickly than intestines can digest and absorb them

A

stomach

70
Q

what happens to the macros in the stomach

A

digestion of starch continues

digestion of protein and triglycerides begins

71
Q

regions of the stomach (6)

A 
cardia
fundus
body
pylorus
lesser curvature
greater curvature
72
Q

stomach - surrounds the superior opening of the stomach

A

cardia

73
Q

stomach - rounded portion superior and to the L. of the cardia

A

fundus

74
Q

stomach - large central portion, inferior to the fundus

A

body

75
Q

stomach - regions that connects to the duodenum

A

pylorus

76
Q

3 parts of the pylorus

A

pyloric antrum
pyloric canal
pyloric sphincter

77
Q

pyloric antrum

A

connects to body of stomach

78
Q

pyloric canal

A

leads to the duodenum

79
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

passageway from pylorus to duodenum

80
Q

stomach - concave medial border

A

lesser curvature

81
Q

stomach - convex lateral border

A

greater curvature

82
Q

when the stomach is empty, the mucosa lies in large folds called ?

A

Rugae

83
Q

arterial supply of the stomach (4)

A

R/L gastric arteries
R/L gastroepiploic
Short gastric

84
Q

stomach - parasympathetic innervation =

A

vagus nerve (CN X)

85
Q

stomach - sympathetic innervation =

A

celiac ganglia

86
Q

layers of the stomach

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa

87
Q

3 parts of the mucosa of stomach

A

lamina propria
muscularis mucosa
gastric glands

88
Q

What are gastric glands (part of mucosa)

A

exocrine glands cells, that secrete their products into the stomach lumen

89
Q

3 parts of gastric glands

A

mucous neck cells
chief cells
parietal cells

90
Q

role of mucous neck cells (stomach)

A

secrete mucous

91
Q

role of chief cells (stomach)/

A

secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase

92
Q

role of parietal cells (stomach)

A

produce HCl and intrinsic factor

93
Q

mucosa of stomach - includes a type of enteroendocrine cell

A

G cell

94
Q

location of G cell + role

A 
pyloric antrum
secretes gastrin (hormone) into the blood stream
95
Q

submucosa layer of the stomach

A

areolar connective tissue

96
Q

3 parts of muscularis layer of stomach

A

outer longitudinal layer
middle circular layer
inner oblique layer

97
Q

functions of the stomach (2)

A

mixing waves mix the food with the gastric juice reducing it to ta liquid called chyme

98
Q

t/f as digestion proceeds, more vigorous waves begins at the body and intensify as they reach the pylorus

A

true

99
Q

digestion of proteins being in ___

A

the stomach

100
Q

digestion of proteins in mainly achieved by the enzyme ____

A

pepsin

101
Q

protein chains of many amino-acids are broken down into smaller fragments called ____

A

peptides

102
Q

pepsin also aids in digestion of what

A

milk proteins

103
Q

role of gastric lipase (2)

A

splits the short chain of triglycerides found in milk

limited role in the adult stomach (more pancreatic lipase)

104
Q

within _ to _ after eating a meal, the stomach usually has emptied its contents into the duodenum

A

2-4 hours

105
Q

chemical digestion in the small intestines depends on the activity of which 3 organs?

A

pancreas, liver and gallbladder

106
Q

pancreatic duct other name

A

duct of Wirsung

107
Q

pancreatic duct joins what and empties where

A

joins with common bile duct

empties in greater duodenal papillae

108
Q

accessory pancreatic duct other name

A

duct of Santorini

109
Q

accessory pancreatic duct empties where

A

in lesser duodenal papilla

110
Q

4 parts of the pancreas

A

retroperitoneal gland
head
body
tail

111
Q

arterial supply of the pancreas

A

sup and inf. pancreaticoduodenal aa.
splenic a.
superior mesenteric aa.

112
Q

innervation of the pancreas

A

celiac and superior mesenteric plexuses

113
Q

pancreas is made up of small clusters of glandular epithelial cells:

  • 99% are arranged in clusters called ___
  • 1% are organized into clusters called ____
A 
Acini
Pancreatic islets (islets of langerhans)
114
Q

pancreas - exocrine portion of the organ + cells secrete a mixture of fluid and digestive enzymes called pancreatic juice

A

Acini

115
Q

pancreas - endocrine portion of the organ + secrete the following hormones : glucagon, insulin, somatostatin & pancreatic polypeptide

A

Pancreatic islets

116
Q

stops the action of pepsin in the stomach and creates the proper pH level for action of digestive enzymes in the S.I

A

pancreatic juice

117
Q

name the accessory organs of digestive system (8)

A 
Mouth = teethe + tongue
sublingual gland
submandibular gland
parotid gland
liver
pancreas
gall bladder

Final exam EXCI 254 (10 decks)

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