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Mammalian Physiology > Lect 2 nervous System > Flashcards

Lect 2 nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system is separated in what categories

A

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system is separated in what

A

Sensory division ( send information to the CNS)

Efferent division ( receive info from CNS and send to target cells via efferent neurons)

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3
Q

Explain the step when you have a signal ( what happens)

A

Signal - sensory receptors - sensory neurons - central nervous system - efferent neurons ( 2 types )

Automatic and somatic neurons. Automatic neurons is the involuntary part you have the sympathetic and the or the parasympathetic. And the somatic neurons you will have a skeletal muscle mouvement

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4
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Vision , hearing , balance, smell , skin and visceral organ

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5
Q

What are the types of sensory receptors that you find on the skin and in the visceral organ

A

Skin ( mechanoreceptors ( touch) , thermorécepteurs ( temperature ) and nocireceptors pain)

Visceral organs ( nocicepors - activate inflammation and tissue damage)

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6
Q

What are the 2 functions of the spinal cord

A

1) transmit signal t the brain or from the brain
2) reflex : react quick don’t need the Brain

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7
Q

What is the enteric nervous system

A

Neurons on the digestive tract
Controlled by the autonomic nervous system but it is able to function autonomously

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8
Q

What is the neuron structure

A

Cell body
Dendrites
Axons
Collaterals ( axons divide several time into branches)
Axon terminals
Varicosities ( enlarged regions along the axon)

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9
Q

What is the neuron structures

A

Multipolar , pseudounipolar, bipolar , anaxonic neurons

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10
Q

Explains the neurons structure
Multipolar , pseudounipolar , bipolar, anaxonic neurons

A

Multipolar - many dendrites and branched axons
Pseudounipolar- neurons have the cell body locate off one side of a long axon
Bipolar - single axon and a single dentrite
Anaxonic neurons - have numerous dendrites and lacks of an axon

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11
Q

What are the functions of neuron

A

Sensory , efferent and interneuron ( complex branching processes that allow them to communicate with other neurons )

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12
Q

What is the difference between a tract and a nerve

A

Tract : collection of nerve fibres CNS
Nerve : collection of nerve fibres PNS

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13
Q

What is the difference between fast axons transport and slow axonal transport

A

Fast axonal transport goes to 400mm/day it can do anterograde and retrograde transport

Slow oxo slow transport flows at 0.2-2.5 mm/day

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14
Q

What is a synapse

A

Region where an axon terminal meet its target

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15
Q

What is the difference between chemical and electrical synapses which one is faster

A

Chemical synapse : release a chemical

Electrical synapse: electrical current it is faster than chemical

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16
Q

What is growth cone

A

Ancon extension that will find their target

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17
Q

What is neurotrophic factors

A

Proteins that make the froth of neuron and make the neuron alive

18
Q

What is the function of a glial cell

A

Communicate with neuron and provide important biochemical and structural support

19
Q

Give examples of glial cells

A

Schwann cells , oligodendrocyte , satellite cells , atrocités , microglia, ependymal cells

20
Q

Explain the Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes, and where are they found

A

They support and insulate axons ( makes myelin)
Schwann cells are found in PNS and oligodendrocytes are found in the CNS

21
Q

Explain the satellite cells and where are they found

A

Supportive capsules around nerve cell bodies found in the PNS

22
Q

Explain the role of astrocytes and where are they found

A

Found in CNS
Roles
1) take up and release chemical - neurotransmitter
2) help form blood brain barrier
3) provide substrates for ATO production
4) source of neural stem cells

23
Q

Explain microglia and where are they found

A

Found in CNS and they make specialized immune cells

24
Q

Explains ependymal cells

A

Source of neural stem cells , separated the fluid compartment of CNS

25
Q

Can stem cells repair damage?

A

Regeneration is more likely in PNS than CNS because Schwann cells secrete neurotrophic factors that help the cells bodies alive and stimule rétro of the axon

26
Q

What happens is a motor neuron is damage ? And a sensory neuron

A

Paralysis and loss of sensation

27
Q

What is the difference between open channels and gated channels

A

Opens channels are always open and gated channels we can open and close

28
Q

Give examples of open channels

A

Leak channels and pores

29
Q

Give examples of gated channels

A

Chemically gated channels , voltage gated channels and mechanically gated channels ( response to physical force )

30
Q

What are the 2 basic types of electrical signals

A

Graded potential and action potential

31
Q

Explain grated potential

A
  • variable strength that travels over short distance
  • it can initiate Action potential of Depolarizing graded potential is strong enough
32
Q

Describe action potential

A

Very brief large depolarization that travel for long distance through a neuron without losing strength

33
Q

Which gates are open or close at this stages
1. Depolarization
2. Top
3. Repolarization
4. Hyperpolarization

A
  1. Depolarization - Na+ is open , goes in the cell
  2. Top - Na+ is closed
  3. Re polarisation - K+ opens goes out the cell
  4. Hyperpolarization k+ channel close
34
Q

What are the 3 types of Gated channels control that controls ion permeability

A

1) mechanically gated ions channels
Open in response to physical force

2) chemically gated: ligand neurotransmitters

3) voltage gated : respond to changes in the cells membrane potential. Initiation and conduction of electrical signal

35
Q

True or false
Threshold voltage varies from one channel to the other

A

True

36
Q

Why do grated grated potential lose strength as they move through the cytoplasm

A

1) current leak : positive chantages leak out to the extracellular fluid and decrease depolarization

2) cytoplasmic resistance : resistance to the flow and so signal inside the cell decrease over distance

37
Q

Tell if it is excitatory or inhibitory

  1. Depolarizing graded potential
  2. Hyperpolorizinf graded potential
A

1) excitatory
2) inhibitory ( makes the membrane further from the threshold)

38
Q

A neuron may terminate where

A

Muscle, glande or a neuron

39
Q

Give 3 types of cell junctions

A

Communicating junction, occluding junction and anchoring junction

40
Q

Explain communicating junction

A

Cel to cell communication

41
Q

Explain occluding junction

A

Block movement of material between cells and prevent substances going to the brain

42
Q

Explain anchoring junction

A

Hold cells to one another and to the extracellular matrix and info can go from cell membrane to the cytoplasm

Mammalian Physiology (6 decks)

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