lect 2

Question 1

Lexical hypothesis

Answer 1

The original hypothesis (Allport, 1936) leading to the Big Five or OCEAN model.
(1) Those personality characteristics that are important to a group of people will eventually become a part of that group’s language.
(2) more important personality characteristics are more likely to be encoded into language in many words.
(3) Principal Component Analysis of the covariance-structure of traits can be used to extract the most important aspects of variation in a population.

Question 2

OCEAN / Big 5 ,

Answer 2

Opennes
Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

Question 3

Big 3

Answer 3

Model of continuity from temperamental traits to personality, including: Positive Emotionality (PEM), Negative Emotionality (NEM) and Constraint (CON).

Question 4

4 ways to interpret covarience structures

Answer 4

1. Trait realism and temperament
2. Situationism
3. Network stability
4. The self as an actor

Question 5

1. Trait realism

Answer 5

One can define a trait as an inferred organismic (psychological, psychobiological) structure underlying an extended family of behavioral dispositions. These dispositions are not meant to be viewed as generalized action tendencies, but as inclinations to behave in certain ways in a set of trait-relevant situations

Question 6

2. Situationism

Answer 6

Walter Mischel (1968): “…with the possible exception of intelligence, highly generalized behavioral consistencies have not been demonstrated, and the concept of personality traits as broad dispositions is thus untenable.“ This strong position is no longer compatible with the evidence. A weaker version may be maintained.

Question 7

2b Personspecifc distributions

Answer 7

Fleeson: Traits are best regarded as person-specific distributions of certain behaviors states-of-mind.
Thus they indicate the likelihood of such states and behaviors over a certain time-period.

Question 8

3. Network stability

Answer 8

Persistent and pervasive personality patterns emerge from network-interactions between a large number of small personality-related components.
1. Interactions of particular acts, feelings, thoughts
2. Give rise to covariance between them
3. Resulting in generalized patterns
4. And broad traits

Question 9

4. Stability in the performance of the actor

Answer 9

McAdams: the self as social actor, encompassing semantic representations of traits, social roles, and other features of self that result in and from repeated performances on the social stage of life. In this perspective trait stability is a stability in the typical social, interactional performances that our intensely social lives consist of. actions – perception and judgement by others – reactions by others – precieved reactions and self judgement – actions … from this cycle emergence of stable character of an actor emerges

Question 10

Agency

Answer 10

Bakan “Agency manifests itself in self-protection, self-assertion, and self-expansion; […] Agency manifests itself in the formation of separations; Agency manifests itself in the urge to master; “ Specific: self-mastery, status/victory, empowerment, achievement/responsibility

Question 11

Communion

Answer 11

“communion manifests itself in the sense of being at one with other organisms. […] communion manifests in noncontractual cooperation” Specific: love/friendship, dialogue, unit y/togetherness, caring/help