Lect (1-3): Anatomy Terminology & MS System

Question 1

The MS system provides:

Answer 1

1) Form 2) Support 3) Stability 4) Movement 5) Protection of vital organs

Question 2

The skeletal system provides:

Answer 2

1) Framework for tissues & organs 2) Protects vital organs 3) Production of erythrocytes 7 most leukocyte-bone marrow 4) Storage of Ca2+ and phosphorus to regulate mineral balance (compact bone)

Question 3

2 types of bone marrow are:

Answer 3

1) YELLOW-adipose tissue; utilized during times of starvation 2) RED-rbc production, platelets & leukocytes

Question 4

Osteon

Answer 4

osteon-basic unit of Haversian System in compact bone

Question 5

osteocytes

Answer 5

lie between the lamella in the lacuna and interconnect through canaliculi

Question 6

blood vessels

Answer 6

run vertically in the center of the osteon (central canal) and inter-connect between osteon

Question 7

trabecular bone

Answer 7

spongy bone of the medullary cavity; contains red bone marrow

Question 8

basic multicellular unit (BMU)/Bone Remodeling Period

Answer 8

made up of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

*osteopenia/osteoporosis-cannot retain calcium for bone remodeling, oseoclasts break down bone quicker than osteoblasts make new bone

Question 9

Answer 9

cell shape: branching

# & position of nuclei: single, central nucleus

striation: YES

Type of control: Involuntary

Question 10

Answer 10

cell shape: elongated

# & position of nuclei: multiple peripheral nuclei

visible striations: YES

Type of control: Voluntary

Question 11

Answer 11

cell shape: spindle-shaped

# & position of nuclei: single, central nucleus

striation: NO

Type of control: Involuntary

Question 12

Answer 12

tough, flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone (periosteum)

Question 13

diarthrosis

Answer 13

• joint that allows bones to move against each other
• synovial joints (hip, shoulder)

Question 14

synovial joints

Answer 14

are lubricated by synovial fluid that is produced by synovial membranes

Question 15

synovial fluid

Answer 15

lowers the friction between articular surfaces

Question 16

synarthosis

Answer 16

false joint; most fibrous joints (no synovial fluid)

Question 17

gomphosis

Answer 17

type of synarthosis found in the sockets of teeth

Question 18

synostosis

Answer 18

type of synarthosis found in the sutures of the skull

Question 19

synchondrosis

Answer 19

type of synarthosis found in cartilaginous joints connected by hyaline cartilage–epiphyseal plate

Question 20

plane joint

Answer 20

-inter-metatarsal and facet joints

–>movements are considered to be pure translations/sliding between bones

Question 21

saddle joint

Answer 21

carpo-metacarpal of thumb (trapezio-metacarpal) and calcaneocuboid joints (wrists and ankles)

-movement is “biaxial”-takes place in two orthogonal planes, coupled motion

Question 22

pivot joint

Answer 22

-dens of the axis (C2 vertebra) and head of the radius

–> rotational movement occurs inside of a ligamentous ring around only one axis (uniaxial)

Question 23

hinge joint

Answer 23

inter-phalangeal & elbow joints

–>movement takes place about a single stationary axis, and so is largely restricted to one plane of motion

Question 24

ball-and-socket joint

Answer 24

hip & shoulders

–> multiaxial joints (multiple planes of movement) formed by a globiod “head” articulating w/ an opposing cup

Question 25

Ellipsoid joint

Answer 25

radio-carpal & atlanto-occipital joints

–> movement is “biaxial”–takes place on two orthogonal axes

Question 26

Answer 26

1) most abundant type of cartilage
2) found at the end of bones, the soft part of nose, and the supportive rings of the respiratory passages
3) important in development and growth of most bones

Question 27

Answer 27

1) dense network of elastic fibers in ECM (flexibility)
2) provides framework for external ears & parts of the larynx

Question 28

Answer 28

1) many large collagenous fibers in the ECM (very tough)
2) provides a “shock absorber” for structures affected by pressure ex: vertebrae, knee, pelvic girdle

Question 29

ligament

Answer 29

1) small band of dense, white, fibrous elastic tissue made of dense regular collagenous fibers that are covered by dense irregular CT
2) function: limit dislocation or prevent certain movements that may disrupt the joint

Question 30

viscoelasatic

Answer 30

characteristic of ligaments whereby they cannot retain their original shape when extended past a certain point or for a prolonged period of time

-this is why dislocated joints must be set as quickly as possible (ligaments will lengthen and joints will be weak)

Question 31

bursae

Answer 31

small fluid-filled sac made of white fibrous tissue and lined with synovial membrane

function: provides a cushion between bones and tendons and/or muscle around a joint and helps reduce friction between the bones

Question 32

synovial bursa

Answer 32

• subcutaneous and sub-musclar synovial bursa
• reduce friction (synovial-lined); develop dring weeks 20-40 of development between skin, tendon, and bony structures

Question 33

adventitious bursa

Answer 33

-develop postpartum and arise from friction and pressure in superficial fibrous connective tissue where skin must move freely over subcutaneous bony surfaces

Question 34

fascia

Answer 34

1) band or sheet of areolar (loose) CT beneath the skin that attaches, stabilizes, encloses, and separates muscles and other internal organs
2) fascia contains collagen fibers that are oriented in a wavy pattern parallel to the direction of the pull

Question 35

knee arthroplasty

Answer 35

knee joint replacement

Question 36

laminectomy

Answer 36

back surgery

Question 37

strain

Answer 37

tear (partial or complete) of muscle

Question 38

botulism

Answer 38

toxic muscle

Question 39

multiple sclerosis

Answer 39

indirect, neuro-muslce disorder

Question 40

myasthenia gravis

Answer 40

indirect, neuro-muslce disorder