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Anatomy MSBS > GI Tract & Associated Organs > Flashcards

GI Tract & Associated Organs Flashcards

1
Q

Esophagus

A
  • 25 cm long and connects pharynx to stomach

- narrowest part of GI tract, muscular tube

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2
Q

Location of esophagus

A
  • begins at lower end of pharynx, opposite the lower border of the cricoid cartilage
  • it pierces the esophageal hiatus(diaphragm) @ T10
  • it ends at cardiac orifice (stomach) @ T11
  • right border is continuous with lesser curvature (stomach)
  • left border makes acute angle (cardiac notch) with the fundus of the stomach
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3
Q

How long is the abdominal part of the esophagus

A
  • 1.5 cm

- once esophagus enters the abdomen it turns sharply to the left to join the cardiac orifice of the stomach

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4
Q

Esophageal contrisctions

A

1) at beginning, 15 cm from incisor
2) crossed by aortic arch, 22.5 from incisor
3) crossed by the left main bronchus, 27 cm from incisor
4) traverses diaphragm, 40 cm from incisor

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5
Q

Esophagus hiatus

A
  • know image

* know crux help prevent regurgitation

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6
Q

Anatomic sphincter

A
  • slight thickening of circular muscle coat at lower end of the esophagus that passes through diaphragm
  • under tonic control and relaxes only during swallowing and vomiting
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7
Q

Functional external sphincter

A
  • part of diaphragm through which esophagus passes and attaches to phrenoesophageal lig.
  • right crus of diagphram contracts during inspiration and increased intra-abdominal pressure
  • this tightens lower esophageal opening to prevent reflux
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8
Q

What is the importance of the cardiac notch in regards to the lower esophageal sphincter

A

It creates a valve-like flap from the gastric wall

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9
Q

What it the significance of the funnel-shaped extension of the gastric mucosa into the esophageal orifice

A

It may act as a one-way valve

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10
Q

Arterial blood supply of the esophagus (know location)

A

1) inferior thyroid
2) bronchial arteries
3) thoracic aorta
4) left inferior phrenic
5) left gastric

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11
Q

Venous drainage of the esophagus

A

1) azygous and hemiazygous veins (tributaries of the SVC)

2) left gastric being (tributary of the portal vein)

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12
Q

Clinical application of weakened esophageal sphincter

A

GERD, reflux of gastric juices

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13
Q

Haitian hernia

A

Looks phrenicoesophageal ligaments allow part of the stomach to slide into the thoracic cavity

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14
Q

Achalasia

A
  • It is a condition in which the muscles of the lower part of the esophagus fail to relax
  • this prevents food from passing into the stomach
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15
Q

Stomach

A
  • most dilated part of the GI tract
  • located in LUQ (epigastium, left hypochondrium, and umbilical regions)
  • begins at the lower end of esophagus (cardiac orifice)
  • ends at the duodenum (pyloric orifice)
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16
Q

Functions of the stomach

A
  • food blender
  • it secretes digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid and mucous
  • secretes gastric, somatostatin, and intrinsic factor (entero-endocrine function)
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17
Q

Describe the shape of the stomach

A
  • broad individuals: short, high, and transversely oriented (“steer horn-shaped”)
  • thin individuals: elongated, vertically oriented (J-shaped)
  • capacity: 1.5 liters in adults and 30 ml in infants, but capable of considerable distension
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18
Q

Fundus of the stomach

A

Section of the stomach extending above the cardiac notch “camel hump”

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19
Q

Body of the stomach

A
  • Forms the major part of the stomach
  • it extends from fundus to imaginary line running down and to the left from the angular notch on the lesser curvature
  • part of the body in vicinity of the cardiac orifice is the cardia
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20
Q

Parts of the pyloric region

A

1) pyloric Antrim
2) pyloric canal
3) pyloric sphincter

21
Q

Anterior and posterior surfaces of the stomach

A

-they are separated by as short right lesser curvature and long left greater curvature

22
Q

Right (lesser curvature) border

A

Is attached to the liver by the lesser omentum

23
Q

The left border of the stomach is attached by peritoneal fold into:

A
  • diaphragm by the gastrophrenic ligament
  • spleen by gastrosplenic ligaments
  • posterior abdominal wall by the greater omentum
24
Q

Relations to the anterior surface of the stomach

A

1) left lobe of liver
2) diaphragm
3) anterior abdominal wall

25
Q

Relations of the posterior surface of the stomach

A

1) spleen
2) upper part of the left kidney
3) left suprarenal body and tail of pancreas
4) splenic artery

26
Q

Label stomach diagram

A

-esophagus, cardia, fundus, body, gastric folds, pyloric, lesser curvature, greater curvature, pyloric sphincter, pyloric orifice, duodenum, longitudinal layer (outer) of smc, circular layer (middle) of smc, and oblique layer (inner)

27
Q

Duodenum

A
  • the first and widest of the small intestine (25cm long, 4-5cm wide)
  • duodenum starts at pyloric orifice of the stomach
  • duodenum ends at the duodenojejunal flexure
  • shaped like a “C”
  • first 1inch and last 1/2inch covered by peritoneum (intraperitoneal) and hence mobile
28
Q

What are the fixed parts of the duodenum which are retroperitoneal

A
  • fixed to posterior abdominal and not covered by peritoneum
    1) superior
    2) descending
    3) horizontal
    4) ascending
29
Q

Peptic ulcers

A
  • esophageal, gastric, and/or duodenal mucosal erosion
  • most caused by H.pylori (bacteria)
  • ***may erode gastric arteries, life-threatening
30
Q

What are some general features of the ileum and jejunum

A
  • where the partially digested food fro meh stomach is mixed with pancreatic and intestinal enzymes and becomes completely digested
  • digested food, water, electrolytes ,and minerals are absorbed and directed to the liver through portal circulation
31
Q

Location of ileum and jejunum and difference from doudenum

A
  • progressively decreases in diameter and wall thickness s from doudenojejunal flexure to ileocecal junctions
  • greater omentum of stomach hangs down covering them
32
Q

Jejunum location

A

-the coils of the jejunum lie above and to the left (umbilical and left lumbar regions)

33
Q

Ileum location

A

-lies below and to the right (hypogastric and pelvic regions)

34
Q

To which structure do the jejunum and ileum attach

A
  • the posterior wall by the messengers

- thus it is intraperitoneal and mobile

35
Q

What is the length of hte entire small intestine

A

Approx 6-7 meters

36
Q

Circular folds (plica circularis) of the small intestine

A
  • made of mucosa and submucosa
  • begin in duodenum and reach max height nad number in the jejunum
  • decrease in height and number through ilium
  • they are responsible for the feather-like appearance in radiographs
37
Q

What is the significance of the mucosal specializations of the small intestine

A
  • they increase absorptive capacity (microvilli)

- serosa and muscularis

38
Q

Jejunum

A
  • second part of small intestine
  • begins at the attachment of the suspensory ligament of the duodenum to the duodenum (duodenojejunal flexure)
  • length is 2/5 of small intestine (2.5m)
39
Q

Ileum

A
  • distinction between jejunum and ileum is not anatomically distinct
  • more fat in the mesentery
  • smaller diameter/thinner walls
  • terminal part: circular folds are small and absent
  • only ileum has abundant Peyer’s patches
40
Q

Intussusception

A

-when the small intestine

41
Q

Volvulus

A

-twisting of the small intestine

42
Q

Components of the large intestine

A

1) cecum and appendix
2) ascending colon
3) right colic flexure (hepatic)
4) transverse colon
5) left colic flexure (splenic)
6) descending colon
7) sigmoid colon
8) rectum
9) anal canal

43
Q

Cecum

A
  • the cecum is sacculated diverticulum of the intestine below the level of ileocecal junction
  • it is the inferior blind end of the ascending colon
44
Q

Where is the cecum located

A

-cecum is located in the right iliac fossa

45
Q

Opening of the ileum

A

Opening of the vermiform appendix

46
Q

Appendix

A
  • worm-like tube of about 0.5 mm wide and 2-12 cm long

- attached to the posterior medial surface of the cecum in which it opens

47
Q

McBurney’s point

A
  • the surface anatomy of the base of the appendix

- located at the junction of the lateral 1/3 and medial 2/3 of the line connecting the ASIS and umbilicus

48
Q

Blood supply of the appendix

A

-appendicular artery which is derived from the ileocolic artery

Anatomy MSBS (13 decks)

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