LEC MOD 5 Flashcards
Is a major branch of chemistry that deals
with carbon compounds. it is a study of hydrocarbons
Organic Chemistry
are atoms that
are not bonded to hydrogen atoms
Inorganic compounds
required
to synthesize an organic compound as per chemists
vital force
vital force theory was found
incorrect by?
Friedrich Wohler
an organic
compound normally found in the blood
in urine
urea
Wohler’s inorganic compunds used to synthesize urea
ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and silver cyanate (AgNCO)
are carbon atoms that
are attached or bonded to hydrogen
atoms
hydrocarbons
It is the study of all compounds
other than hydrocarbons and their
derivatives
Inorganic chem
Characteristics of organic compounds
- covalent bonds
- liquids, solids
- low melting points
- soluble in organic solvents
- aque do not conduct electricity
- all burn
- reactions are slow
two different compounds but same molecular formula
isomerism
type of isomer that have the same molecular formula differ in arrangement of the carbon chain
skeletal isomerism
kind of isomer that have same molecular formula, differ in connectivity
constitutional isomerism
kind of stereoisomer that mirror image each other
enantiomers
stereoisomer that have hydrogen same side
cis isomerism
stereoisomer that dont have hydrogen in same side
trans isomerism
group of atoms within a molecule that shows a characteristic chemical and physical behaviors
functional
atom or group of atoms within a molecule that shows a characteristic chemical and physical behaviors
functional
functional groups:
alkane alkene alkyne aromatic hydrocarbon alcohol phenol ether thiol aldehyde ketone carboxylic acid ester amine amide
Alkanes
saturated GS: RH C-H R=H NO FUNCTIONAL GROUP suffix: -ane
Alkene
one or more C to C double bond
- unsaturated
- Acyclic
- suffix: ene
Alkynes
one or more C-C triple bonds
- unsat
- acyclic
- suffix:yne
Aromatic HC
- compound with benzene (6 carbons, 3 double bonds)
- unsaturated
- cyclic
- suffix:benzene
FG that is not carbons or hydrogen
Heteroatom
Alcohol
- OH group bonded to saturated C
- GS: R-OH
- hydroxyl group
- suffix- ol
Phenol
- OH group bonded to C in an Aromatic carbon ring
- hydroxyl
- suffix: phenol
Phenol
- OH group bonded to C in an Aromatic carbon ring
- hydroxyl
- suffix: phenol
Ether
- oxygen bonded to 2 carbon by single
- GS: R-O-R
Thiol
- SH group bonded to a saturated C
- GS: R-SH
- Sulfhydryl group
- suffix: thiol
Aldehyde
has a C=O with atleast one H atom directly attached to it
- GS: R-CHO
- Carbonyl group
- suffix: al
Ketone
has C=O with 2 other C
- GS: R-COR
- Carbonyl group
- suffix-one
Carboxylic acid
has C=O and -OH bonded to Carbonyl
GS:R-COOH
Carboxylic group
Suffix:- oic acid
Ester
has a C=O and an -OR
- GS: R-COOR
- COOR group
- ate
Amine
- organic derivative of Ammonia (NH3)
- GS: R-NH2
- Amino group
- suffix: amine
Amine
- organic derivative of ammonia (NH3)
- Amino group
- GS: R-NH2
- suffix: amine
Amide
has a C=O and an amino group
GS: RCONH2
Amino group and carbonyl group
-suffix:amide
Alkyl halides
contain halogen bonded to carbon
- GS: RX
- Halo group
- F, Br, Cl, I
is the specific 3D arrangement of atoms in organic molecule at a given instant that results to rotation about C-C single bonds
Comformation
is a saturated HC in which carbon atoms connected to one another in a cyclic ring
cycloalkane
in 18th century scientists categorized compounds into two types:
Organic -living organisms
Inorganic- from minerals
who proved the vital force theory is wrong?
Friedrich Wohler (1828)
it is the study iof all substances other than hydrocarbons and their derivatives
Inorganic chemistry
Properties of organic chemistry:
Covalent bonds low melting point insoluble in water aqueous sol dont donduct electricity all burn rxns are slow
Inorganic chemistry properties:
ionic bonds highmelting points soluble in water insoluble in inorganic solvents aqueous sols conduct elec few burn rxns are fast
ways to attain 4 bond requirement:
bonding with other 4 atoms; 4 single bonds
bonding with other 3 stoms; 2 single bonds and 1 dounble bond
bonding with other 2 atoms; 1 single bond and 1 triple bonds
classifications of carbon:
primary carbon
secondary carbon
tertiary carbon
quaternary carbon
is a chemical formula that gives the total number of atoms of each element in each molecule of a substance
Molecular formula
Example: CH4, C2H6
Structural formula types:
Expanded formula
condensed structural formula
.Skeletal
Line-bond
– is a representation that gives the
exact number of each atom in a compound as well as
the bonding arrangement of the atoms and the type of
bond present at each atom.
expanded formula
– is a two-dimensional structural
representation that shows the bonding arrangement of the
atoms.
structural formula
each carbon atom and its attached
hydrogen atoms are written as a group. More detailed
than the molecular formula.
condensed structural formula
– structural arrangement of all
bonded carbon atoms without showing the attached
hydrogen atoms.
Skeletal structural formula
the quickest representation in
which a line represents a carbon–carbon bond. A
carbon atom is understood to be present at every point
where two lines meet (at the intersection) and at the
ends of each line.
Line-bond structural formula
two different compounds, by formatin, but have the same molecular formula
Isomerism
are compounds that have the same molecular formula (thatis, the same numbers and kinds of atoms) but that differ in the way the atoms are arranged; same molecular formula, ARE DIFF COMPOUNDS WITH DIFF PROPERTIES
Isomers
same molecular formula, differ in arrangement of the carbon chain
Skeletal isomerism
same molecular formula, differ in the connectivity
constitutional isomerism
kind of stereo isomer that mirror image of each other
enantiomers
aka ciis-trans isomerism
Diastereomers
compound with bondage of carbon and hydrogen
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons in which all carbon-to-carbon bonds are
single bonds and are the simplest type of organic
compound
Saturated
Hydrocarbons with one or more carbon-to-carbon multiple bonds (double bond, triple bond, or both)
Unsaturated
compounds with benzene rings
Aromatic
Open chains (acyclic) and cycclic
Aliphatic
HC derivatives involving oxygen
Alcohol, phenol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester
HC derivative involving nitrogen
Amines
HC derivative involving nitrogen and Oxygen
Amides
HC derivative involving halogen
Alkyl halides
HC derivative involving sulfur
Thiols
is an atom or a group of atoms with
characteristic chemical and physical properties. This determines
the shape, properties, and the type of reactions of a molecule.
The study of functional groups and their reactions provide the
organizational structure for organic chemistry.
functional group
it is an acyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains one or mmore carbon-carbon double bonds
Alkene
is cyclic unstaurated hydrocarbon that contains two or more C-C double bonds within the ring system
cycloalkene
is a compound used by insects and some animals to trnasmit a message to other members of the same species.
Pheromone
is an acyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains one or more c-c triple bonds
Alkyne
is an unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon that does not readily undergo addition reactions
aromatic hydocarbon
