[LEC] CHAPTER 18: HANDOUT Flashcards
High carbohydrate meal need
metabolize
High carbohydrate mean excess
Cannot metabolize agad
can be found in liver and muscle
Glycogen
ability to store and deliver energy quickly and for the longest amount of time.
Glycogen
key to this optimization is the average chain length of the brances (13 residues).
Glycogen
The more branch ???
The more gluces will be released
making of something
Genesis
making of glycogen
Glycogenesis
if glucose is in excess, it is stored as ______
glycogen
Glucose-6-Phosphate will not proceed to ________
glycolysis
Glucose-6-Phosphate is converted into
Glucose-1-Phosphate
Glucose-6-Phosphate is converted into Glucose-1-Phosphate.
What enzyme?
Phosphoglucomutase
serves as energy for glycogen synthesis
UTP, Uridine Triphosphate
Unique molecule for glycogenesis
UTP, Uridine Triphosphate
Glucose in the form of glycogen, ________; it is stored in the liver.
(Glycogen)n+1
Glucose-6-Phopshate will undergo ________
Glycolysis
Glucose-6-Phopshate will be converted into _________
enzyme: phosphoglucomutase
Glucose-1-Phosphate
UTP will enter and be ___________ into _______ (stage 1).
Hydrolyzed
UDP, Uridine Diphosphate (Stage 1)
UDP connects to Glucose-1-Phosphate =
UDP-Glucose (Stage 2)
UDP will leave glucose and BIND with__________
(Glycogen)n
Glucose + Glycogen(n) =
(Glycogen)n+1
it is the most umportant accessory of glucose
UDP, Uridine Diphopshate
- Most Important Enzyme
- catalyzes the transfer of glucose monomers from UDP-glucose to the growing glycogen chain.
Glycogen Synthase
_________ will stay as is otherwise if we didnt eat, the body will use it.
(Glycogen)n+1
Stage 1 of Glycogenesis
Hydrolysis of UTP
Stage 2 of Glycogenesis
Addition of UPDG to the growing chain of glycogen
- Involves in the formation of a new a (1-4) glycosidic bond
Glycogen Synthase
- Acts as a primer
- After pilymerizing first 4 molecules, other enzymes will take over.
Glycogenin
Catalyzes the reactions needed to indrouce a branch point during synthesis of glycogen
Glycogen Branching Eznyme
Transfers a segment (__________) from the end of a growing chain to the branch point where it catalyzes the formation of the required _______ glycosidic linkage.
Glycogen Branching Eznyme
7 residues long
a (1—>6)
Glycogen Synthase
a (1——–>4)
Branching enzyme
a(1———>6)
in the liver turn into glucose
Glycogenolysis
breaking of something
lysis
what stimulates glycogenolysis in liver cells
low glucose levels
The glucose 6-phopshate that is produced directly enters _______
Glycolysis
- Only found in the liver
- Not available in muscle or brain cells
Glucose-6-Phosphatase
Muscle and brain cells have to wait for the liver to create __________ through bloodstream
Glucose
The glucose Glucose-6-Phosphate that is produced must be converted to free glucose first before it can enter the _______
- as it cannot cross cell membrane
bloodstream
Muscles and brain cells lack ____________
- they cannot form free glucose from G6P
- Muscle and brain cells use G6P from _____ for energy production only.
- Glucose-6-Phosphatase
- Glycogen
Each gblucose residue cleaved from glycogen reacts with phopshate to give ___________
glucose-1-phosphate
Cleavage reaction is one of _________ rather than hydrolysis
Phosphorolysis
Each gblucose residue cleaved from glycogen reacts with phopshate to give glucose-1-phosphate.
Cleavage reaction is one of Phosphorolysis rather than hydrolysis.
Enzyme:
Glycogen Phosphorylase
- Degration of a (1—–>4)
- Cleaves the a(1—->4) linkages in glycogen
Glycogen Phosphorylase
Glucose-1-Phosphate isomerizes to give Glucose-6-Phosphate
Phosphoglucomutase
Complete breakdown requires debranching enzymes that degrade a(1—>6) linkages.
Phosphoglucomutase
Transfers a limit brach of three glucose residue to the end of another branch, where they are removed by glycogen phosphorylase
Debranching Eznyme
Debranching enzyme will hydrolyze the 1 remained _____ into glucose
a(1——->6)
