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BIOCHEMISTRY > Chapter 1: Biochem and the organization of cells > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Biochem and the organization of cells Flashcards

1
Q

Organism can be studied using the methods of chemistry and physics as all living things use:

A
  • The same types of Biomolecules
  • Energy
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2
Q

Biochemistry is a ___________________ in nature

A

Multidisciplinary

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3
Q

it combines biology and chemistry

A

Biochemistry

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4
Q

Uses results from many sciences to answer questions about the molecular nature of life processes.

A

Biochemistry

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5
Q

Simple molecules must have arisen from atoms:
Chemical Names

H2O -
CH4 -
CO2 -
NH3 -
N2 -
H2 -

A

Water
Methane
Carbon Dioxide
Ammonia
Nitrogen
Hydrogen gas

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6
Q

Study of compounds of carbon and hydrogen and their derivatives

A

Organic Chemistry

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7
Q

Biomolecules are part of the subject matter of organic chemistry because cellular apparatus of living organisms is made up of _________________ compounds.

A

Carbon

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8
Q

_____________ experiment in 1828

Ammonium Cyanate ——-> Urea

A

Friedrich Wöhler’s

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9
Q

Structure - Central carbon atom is bonded to a carboxyl group, an amino group, a hydrogen, and the R group

A

Amino acid

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10
Q
  • Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
  • General formula - (CH2O)n, where n is at least 3
  • Simplest form - Monosaccharides, or sugars
A

Carbohydrates

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11
Q

the most common monosaccharide

A

Glucose

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12
Q
  • Basic unit of the hereditary materials DNA and RNA
  • Composed of a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogencontaining ring, and one or more phosphate groups
A

Nucleotides

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13
Q

Form the molecular currency of the cell

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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14
Q

Poorly soluble in water because they are composed of
long chains of hydrocarbons

Give an example of a simple lipid:

A

Lipids

Palmitic Acid

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15
Q

vital importance in biochemistry

A

Esters and anhydrides of phosphoric acid

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16
Q
  • Energy currency of the cell
  • Also containes ester and anhydrides linkages involving phosphoric acid
A

Adenosines Triphospate (ATP)

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17
Q

BIG BANG THEORY: ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

Primordial fireball started to expand with great force as a result of an explosion
- Temperature was approximately_______________?

A

15 X 10^9 K

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18
Q

BIG BANG THEORY: ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

____________ were the only elements present in the earliest stages of the Universe**

A

H, He and Li
(Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium)

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19
Q

Biomolecules

Gases present in the atmosphere of the early Earth

A

NH3, H2S, CO, CO2, CH4, N2, H2, and H2O
( Ammonia, Hydrogen sulfide, Carbon monoxide, Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrogen, Hydrogen Gas, Water)

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20
Q

BIOMOLECULES

Experiments have demonstrated that important
biomolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids,
could have arisen under ____________ conditions

A

Abiotic (nonliving)

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21
Q

Living cells include very large molecules, such as
proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and lipids

A

Biomolecules

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22
Q

Small molecules that may bond to many
others to form a polymer

A

Monomers

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23
Q

Greek - Mono + meros

__________ + ______ = Monomers

A

Single + Part

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24
Q

Biomolecules

Amino Acids →

A

Proteins

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25
Q

Biomolecules

Nucleotides → __________

A

Nucleic Acids

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26
Q

Biomolecules

Monosaccharides → ___________

A

Polysaccharides

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27
Q

Biomolecules

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids → ___________

A

Lipids

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28
Q

Biomolecules

Macromolecules formed by the bonding of
smaller units

A

Polymers

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29
Q

Biomolecules

Macromolecules formed by the
polymerization of amino acids

A

Proteins

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30
Q

Biomolecules

Macromolecules formed by the
polymerization of nucleotides

A

Nucleic acids

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31
Q

Biomolecules

Class of proteins that display catalytics activity

32
Q

Biomolecules

Ability to increase the rate of a chemical reaction.

A

Catalytic Activity

33
Q

Catalytic effectiveness of a given enzyme depends on its ____ sequence

A

Amino acid sequence

34
Q

Relationship between the nucleotide sequence in nucleic acids and the amino acid sequence in proteins

A

Genetic Code

35
Q

Serves as the coding material

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

36
Q

Molecules to Cells

  • It has the capability to catalyzes itw own processing.
  • Considered to have been the original coding material and still serves this function in some viruses.
A

Ribonucleic Acid

37
Q

Molecules to Cells

Appearance of a form of RNA capable of coding for its own replication was the pivotal point in the origin of life.

A

RNA World Theory

38
Q

Original ____ both encoded and catalyzed its own
replication

39
Q

____ became the primary genetic material, and ____ took on only an intermediary role in the** synthesis of proteins**

40
Q

Molecules to Cells

________ that seperates cells from their environment is a key point in the development of living cells.

A

Formation of Membranes

41
Q

Molecules to Cells

Development of catalysis and the development of a coding system came about separately.
- Combination of the two later in time produced life

A

Double-Origin Theory

42
Q
  • Microorganism that lack a distinct nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles
    • Include bacteria and cyanobacteria
A

Prokaryotes

43
Q
  • ## Organisms whose cells have a well-defined nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles
A

Eukaryotes

44
Q

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Yeasts and Paramecium

A

Unicellular

45
Q

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Animals and Plants

A

Multicellular

46
Q

Membrane-enclosed portion of a cell with a specific function

A

Organelles

47
Q

Summary of Organelles and Their Functions

Location of main genome; site of most DNA and RNA synthesis

48
Q

Summary of Organelles and Their Functions

Site of energy-yielding oxidation reactions; has its own DNA

A

Mitochondrion

49
Q

Site of photosynthesis in green plants and algae; has its own DNA

A

Chloroplasts

50
Q

Summary of Organelles and Their Functions

Continuous membrane throughout the cell; rough part studded with ribosomes (the site of protein synthesis)

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

51
Q

Summary of Organelles and Their Functions

Series of flatted membranes involved in secretion of proteins from cells and in reactions that link sugars to other celluilar components.

A

Golgi Apparatus

52
Q

Summary of Organelles and Their Functions

Membrane-enclosed sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes

53
Q

Summary of Organelles and Their Functions

Sacs that contain enzymes involved in the metabolism of hydrogen peroxide

A

Peroxisomes

54
Q

Summary of Organelles and Their Functions

Separates the cell contents from the outside world; contents include organelles (held in place by the cytoskeleton) and the cytosol

A

Cell Membrane

55
Q

Summary of Organelles and Their Functions

Rigid exterior layer of plant cells

56
Q

Summary of Organelles and Their Functions

Membrane-enclosed sac (plant cells)

A

Central Vacuole

57
Q

Classifying Living Organisms: Five-Kingdom System

  • Takes into account the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
  • Provides classifications for ________ that are neither plants nor animals
A

eukaryotes

58
Q

Classifying Living Organisms: Five-Kingdom System

Kingdoms:

A
  • Monera
  • Protista
  • Fungi
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
59
Q

Source of Energy in Life Processes

Ultimate source of energy for all life on Earth

60
Q

Source of Energy in Life Processes

____________organisms use light energy to drive the energy-requiring synthesis of carbohydrates.

A

Photosynthetic

61
Q

Source of Energy in Life Processes

organisms consume carbohydrates and use them as energy sources

A

Nonphotosynthetic

62
Q

Study of transformations and transfer of energy

A

Thermodynamics

63
Q

Change in energy depends only on the state of the molecules present at the start of the process and the state of those present at the end of the process

A

Thermodynamics

64
Q

Energetics of a chemical reaction
If the change in free energy is ____________ (free energy decreases), the reaction is spontaneous

65
Q

Energetics of a chemical reaction
If the change is ________ (free energy increases), the reaction will not occur unless energy is supplied from an external source

66
Q

can take several forms and can be converted
from one form to another

67
Q

Characteristic of a reaction or process that takes place without outside intervention

A

Spontaneous

68
Q
  • Diagnostic for the spontaneity of a reaction at constant temperature
  • Indicated by the symbol G
69
Q

Sign of the change in free energy, ∆G, indicates the
direction of the reaction
* ________ - Spontaneous exergonic
* Exergonic: Energy-releasing
* ________- Nonspontaneous endergonic
* **Endergonic: **Energy-absorbing
* _________- Equilibrium

A

∆G < 0
∆G > 0
∆G = 0

70
Q

LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

First and the second laws can be related to the free energy by an equation

A

△G = △H −T△S

71
Q

LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

changes in enthalpy

72
Q

Heat of a reaction at constant pressure

73
Q

the changes in entropy

74
Q

the changes in free energy

75
Q

the temperature

BIOCHEMISTRY (7 decks)

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