Chapter 1: Biochem and the organization of cells

Question 1

Organism can be studied using the methods of chemistry and physics as all living things use:

Answer 1

• The same types of Biomolecules
• Energy

Question 2

Biochemistry is a ___________________ in nature

Answer 2

Multidisciplinary

Question 3

it combines biology and chemistry

Answer 3

Biochemistry

Question 4

Uses results from many sciences to answer questions about the molecular nature of life processes.

Answer 4

Biochemistry

Question 5

Simple molecules must have arisen from atoms:
Chemical Names

H2O -
CH4 -
CO2 -
NH3 -
N2 -
H2 -

Answer 5

Water
Methane
Carbon Dioxide
Ammonia
Nitrogen
Hydrogen gas

Question 6

Study of compounds of carbon and hydrogen and their derivatives

Answer 6

Organic Chemistry

Question 7

Biomolecules are part of the subject matter of organic chemistry because cellular apparatus of living organisms is made up of _________________ compounds.

Answer 7

Carbon

Question 8

_____________ experiment in 1828

Ammonium Cyanate ——-> Urea

Answer 8

Friedrich Wöhler’s

Question 9

Structure - Central carbon atom is bonded to a carboxyl group, an amino group, a hydrogen, and the R group

Answer 9

Amino acid

Question 10

• Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• General formula - (CH2O)n, where n is at least 3
• Simplest form - Monosaccharides, or sugars

Answer 10

Carbohydrates

Question 11

the most common monosaccharide

Answer 11

Glucose

Question 12

• Basic unit of the hereditary materials DNA and RNA
• Composed of a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogencontaining ring, and one or more phosphate groups

Answer 12

Nucleotides

Question 13

Form the molecular currency of the cell

Answer 13

Adenosine Triphosphate

Question 14

Poorly soluble in water because they are composed of
long chains of hydrocarbons

Give an example of a simple lipid:

Answer 14

Lipids

Palmitic Acid

Question 15

vital importance in biochemistry

Answer 15

Esters and anhydrides of phosphoric acid

Question 16

• Energy currency of the cell
• Also containes ester and anhydrides linkages involving phosphoric acid

Answer 16

Adenosines Triphospate (ATP)

Question 17

BIG BANG THEORY: ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

Primordial fireball started to expand with great force as a result of an explosion
- Temperature was approximately_______________?

Answer 17

15 X 10^9 K

Question 18

BIG BANG THEORY: ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

____________ were the only elements present in the earliest stages of the Universe**

Answer 18

H, He and Li
(Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium)

Question 19

Biomolecules

Gases present in the atmosphere of the early Earth

Answer 19

NH3, H2S, CO, CO2, CH4, N2, H2, and H2O
( Ammonia, Hydrogen sulfide, Carbon monoxide, Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrogen, Hydrogen Gas, Water)

Question 20

BIOMOLECULES

Experiments have demonstrated that important
biomolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids,
could have arisen under ____________ conditions

Answer 20

Abiotic (nonliving)

Question 21

Living cells include very large molecules, such as
proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and lipids

Answer 21

Biomolecules

Question 22

Small molecules that may bond to many
others to form a polymer

Answer 22

Monomers

Question 23

Greek - Mono + meros

__________ + ______ = Monomers

Answer 23

Single + Part

Question 24

Biomolecules

Amino Acids →

Answer 24

Proteins

Question 25

# Biomolecules Nucleotides → __________

Answer 25

Nucleic Acids

Question 26

# Biomolecules Monosaccharides → ___________

Answer 26

Polysaccharides

Question 27

# Biomolecules Glycerol and 3 fatty acids → ___________

Answer 27

Lipids

Question 28

# Biomolecules Macromolecules formed by the bonding of smaller units

Answer 28

Polymers

Question 29

# Biomolecules Macromolecules formed by the **polymerization of amino acids**

Answer 29

Proteins

Question 30

# Biomolecules Macromolecules formed by the **polymerization of nucleotides**

Answer 30

Nucleic acids

Question 31

# Biomolecules Class of proteins that display catalytics activity

Answer 31

Enzymes

Question 32

# Biomolecules Ability to **increase** the rate of a chemical reaction.

Answer 32

Catalytic Activity

Question 33

Catalytic effectiveness of a given enzyme depends on its ____ sequence

Answer 33

Amino acid sequence

Question 34

Relationship between the nucleotide sequence in nucleic acids and the amino acid sequence in proteins

Answer 34

Genetic Code

Question 35

Serves as the coding material

Answer 35

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Question 36

# Molecules to Cells - It has the capability to catalyzes itw own processing. - Considered to have been the original coding material and still serves this function in some viruses.

Answer 36

Ribonucleic Acid

Question 37

# Molecules to Cells Appearance of a form of RNA capable of coding for its own replication was the pivotal point in the origin of life.

Answer 37

RNA World Theory

Question 38

Original ____ both encoded and catalyzed its own replication

Answer 38

RNA

Question 39

____ became the primary genetic material, and ____ took on only an intermediary role in the** synthesis of proteins**

Answer 39

DNA RNA

Question 40

# Molecules to Cells ________ that seperates cells from their environment is a key point in the development of living cells.

Answer 40

Formation of Membranes

Question 41

# Molecules to Cells Development of catalysis and the development of a coding system came about separately. - Combination of the two later in time produced life

Answer 41

Double-Origin Theory

Question 42

- Microorganism that **lack** a distinct **nucleus** and membrane-enclosed organelles - * Include **bacteria** and **cyanobacteria**

Answer 42

Prokaryotes

Question 43

- Organisms whose cells **have** a well-defined **nucleus** and membrane-enclosed organelles -

Answer 43

Eukaryotes

Question 44

# Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Yeasts and Paramecium

Answer 44

Unicellular

Question 45

# Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Animals and Plants

Answer 45

Multicellular

Question 46

Membrane-enclosed portion of a cell with a specific function

Answer 46

Organelles

Question 47

# Summary of Organelles and Their Functions Location of main genome; site of most DNA and RNA synthesis

Answer 47

Nucleus

Question 48

# Summary of Organelles and Their Functions Site of energy-yielding oxidation reactions; has its own DNA

Answer 48

Mitochondrion

Question 49

Site of photosynthesis in green plants and algae; has its own DNA

Answer 49

Chloroplasts

Question 50

# Summary of Organelles and Their Functions Continuous membrane throughout the cell; rough part studded with ribosomes *(the site of protein synthesis)*

Answer 50

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 51

# Summary of Organelles and Their Functions Series of flatted membranes involved in secretion of proteins from cells and in reactions that link sugars to other celluilar components.

Answer 51

Golgi Apparatus

Question 52

# Summary of Organelles and Their Functions Membrane-enclosed sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes

Answer 52

Lysosomes

Question 53

# Summary of Organelles and Their Functions Sacs that contain enzymes involved in the metabolism of hydrogen peroxide

Answer 53

Peroxisomes

Question 54

# Summary of Organelles and Their Functions Separates the cell contents from the outside world; contents include organelles *(held in place by the cytoskeleton)* and the *cytosol*

Answer 54

Cell Membrane

Question 55

# Summary of Organelles and Their Functions Rigid exterior layer of plant cells

Answer 55

Cell Wall

Question 56

# Summary of Organelles and Their Functions Membrane-enclosed sac (plant cells)

Answer 56

Central Vacuole

Question 57

# Classifying Living Organisms: Five-Kingdom System * Takes into account the differences **between prokaryotes and eukaryotes** * Provides classifications for ________ that are neither plants nor animals

Answer 57

eukaryotes

Question 58

# Classifying Living Organisms: Five-Kingdom System Kingdoms:

Answer 58

* Monera * Protista * Fungi * Plantae * Animalia

Question 59

# Source of Energy in Life Processes Ultimate source of energy for all life on Earth

Answer 59

Sun

Question 60

# Source of Energy in Life Processes ____________organisms use light energy to drive the energy-**requiring synthesis of carbohydrates.**

Answer 60

Photosynthetic

Question 61

# Source of Energy in Life Processes organisms consume carbohydrates and use them as energy sources

Answer 61

Nonphotosynthetic

Question 62

Study of transformations and transfer of energy

Answer 62

Thermodynamics

Question 63

Change in energy depends only on the state of the molecules present at the start of the process and the state of those present at the end of the process

Answer 63

Thermodynamics

Question 64

Energetics of a chemical reaction If the change in free energy is ____________ (free energy **decreases**), the reaction is **spontaneous**

Answer 64

negative

Question 65

Energetics of a chemical reaction If the change is ________ (free energy **increases**), the **reaction will not** occur unless energy is supplied from an **external source**

Answer 65

positive

Question 66

can take several forms and can be converted from one form to another

Answer 66

Energy

Question 67

Characteristic of a reaction or process that takes place without outside intervention

Answer 67

Spontaneous

Question 68

* Diagnostic for the spontaneity of a reaction at constant temperature * Indicated by the symbol G

Question 69

Sign of the change in free energy, ∆G, indicates the direction of the reaction * ________ - Spontaneous exergonic *** Exergonic**: Energy-releasing * ________- Nonspontaneous endergonic * **Endergonic: **Energy-absorbing * _________- Equilibrium

Answer 69

∆G < 0 ∆G > 0 ∆G = 0

Question 70

# LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS First and the second laws can be related to the free energy by an equation

Answer 70

△G = △H −T△S

Question 71

# LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS changes in enthalpy

Answer 71

△H

Question 72

Heat of a reaction at constant pressure

Answer 72

Enthalpy

Question 73

the changes in entropy

Answer 73

△S

Question 74

the changes in free energy

Answer 74

△G

Question 75

the temperature

Answer 75

T