Lec 78: Evidence-Appraisal: Hypothesis testing Flashcards

1
Q

What are the paired study designs?

A

Pre-post comparison study
Cross-over study
Matched case-control study
Twin study

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2
Q

What are the unpaired study designs?

A

Traditional randomized control trial

Epidemiology studies without matching

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3
Q

Describe pre-post comparison study

A
  • Single intervention

* Each pt observed before and after intervention (same person measured twice)

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4
Q

Describe cross-over study

A
  • Each person receives sequence of interventions
  • Pt randomized to sequence of interventions
  • Advantages: good for short and/or acute treatments and treatments measuring palliation not cure
  • Limitations: not feasible for certain outcomes/treatments (i.e. deaths)
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5
Q

Describe matched case-control study

A

Identify study participants then match with similar control participants

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6
Q

Describe twin study

A

Can be used to distinguish between genetics and environment

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7
Q

Provide fundamental concepts of hypothesis testing

A

Hypothesis tests: Estimate the probability of obtaining the observed result, or one more extreme, if there is no true difference. Use info to make decisions about the population

  • Process for choosing between competing hypotheses
  • One-sided test: greater than or less than for null and alternative hypotheses
  • Two-sided test: equal and does not equal for null and alternative hypotheses
  • Compare P-value (determined from test statistic) to alpha to determine statistical significance

•General form
Test statistic = (observed value - hypothesized value) / Std Error of observed value

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8
Q

Provide fundamental concepts of confidence intervals

A

Confidence intervals: Estimate a range of values that is likely to include the true (population) value

•Provides range of plausible values

•General form
CI = estimate plus/minus critical value X standard error

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9
Q

How are clinical and statistical significance different

A

Statistical significance provides the answer to a hypothesis test which removes chance from a study

Clinical significance considers the statistical significance and other factors in order to determine if a study is relevant

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