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CC1 > Lec 6 - Electrochemistry > Flashcards

Lec 6 - Electrochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

A term used when chemical energy is converted to electrical current in a galvanic cell or electrolytic cell.

A

Electrochemistry

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2
Q

The measurement of electrical signals associated with chemical systems that are incorporated in an electrochemical cell

A

Electrochemistry (2)

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3
Q

An electrochemical cell that derives electrical energy from spontaneous redox reactions taking place within the cell.

A

Galvanic cell

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4
Q

Loss of electrons

A

Oxidation

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5
Q

Gain of electrons

A

Reduction

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6
Q

Site of reduction

A

Cathode

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7
Q

Site of oxidation

A

Anode

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8
Q

An electrochemical cell where electric current causes the transfer of electrons in a redox reaction.

A

Electrolytic cell

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9
Q

___ cell uses the transfer of electrons in redox reactions to supply an electrical circuit.

Whereas, ___ cell requires current to cause the transfer of electrons in a redox reaction.

A

GALVANIC cell ___ the transfer of electrons in redox reactions to supply an electrical circuit.

Whereas, ELECTROLYTIC cell requires current to ___ the transfer of electrons in a redox reaction.

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10
Q

A process wherein electricity is used to make a chemical change.

A

Electrolysis

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11
Q

A basic category of Electrochemical Technique:

• measures voltage as volts
• measurement of a cell potential under equilibrium conditions.
• uses galvanic cell principle

A

Potentiometry

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12
Q

A basic category of Electrochemical Technique:

• measures current
• comprises the combination of voltage with amperometry.

A

Voltammetry

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13
Q

Voltammetry:

Voltage is ___?

A

Applied to the electrolytic cell consisting of 2 or 3 electrodes dipped into the solution.

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14
Q

Voltammetry:

Amperometry is ___?

A

The measurement of electric current flowing through the cell

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15
Q

Potentiometry (principle)

A

Measurement of electrical potential between 2 electrodes in a solution, and comparing those 2 to each other.

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16
Q

Potentiometric methods are best suited for measurement of ions such as __, __, and __.

A

Sodium, potassium and chloride

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17
Q

Types of potentiometric electrodes

A

Redox electrodes,
Ion-selective electrodes,
pCO2 electrodes

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18
Q

It measures the current in an electrochemical cell as a function of the applied potential.

A

Voltammetry

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19
Q

Types of voltammetry

A

Polarography,
Amperometry,
Stripping voltammetry,
Hydrodynamic voltammetry

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20
Q

Amperometry (Principle)

A

Measurement of current through an electrochemical cell when a potential is applied to the electrodes at a single applied potential.

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21
Q

Coulometry (principle)

A

Measurement of the quantity of electricity which is directly proportional to the chemical reaction at the electrode.

22
Q

The measurement of the quantity of electricity at a fixed potential between 2 electrodes in an electrochemical cell.

A

Coulometry

23
Q

Coulometry formula

A

Q = I x T

24
Q

A current flow of 1 ampere per second

A

Coulomb

25
Q

• 96,500 coulombs

A

Faraday

26
Q

A coulometric titrator

A

Chloridometer

27
Q

Chloridometer is used for measuring chloride ion concentration in biological fluids such as ___.

A

Urine,
Sweat,
CSF

28
Q

An electric conductor that is in contact with an ionic conductor.

A

Electrode

29
Q

An electrode wherein it acts as electron donor or electrical acceptor.

A

Passive (Inert) Electrode

30
Q

An electrode wherein it acts as ion donor or electron acceptor.

A

Active (Participating) Electrode

31
Q

Electron reaction

A

An electrochemical process in which charge transfer takes place at the interface between the electrode & electrolyte.

32
Q

2 electrodes used in electrochemistry:

A

Indicator electrode, reference electrode

33
Q

An electrode that:
• is sensitive and responds to changes in temperature.
• interacts with the analyte of interest.
• shows the activity of an ion in a solution

A

Indicator electrode

34
Q

• most common indicator electrode
• measures a potential across a membrane specific for a certain analyte.

A

Ion-selective electrode

35
Q

An electrode that:
• is used as a fix reference for the direct measurement of the potential between the electrode and solution.
• has a constant potential and voltage source

A

Reference electrode

36
Q

3 reference electrodes

A

Standard Hydrogen electrode,
Saturated calomel electrode,
Silver / Silver chloride

37
Q

____ electrode allows potentiometric measurement of a single type of ion without interference of other ions.

A

Ion-selective electrode

38
Q

The ions that can be measured by Ion-selective electrode:

A

Sodium,
Potassium
Calcium,
Lithium,
Magnesium,
Chloride

39
Q

Galvanic cell formula

A

Ecell = EISE – Eref

40
Q

3 major types of ISE

A
  1. Inert metal electrode / Ion selective glass
    ✓ SHE
  2. Metal / Solid state electrode
    ✓ Ag–AgCl
  3. Membrane electrode / Liquid Ion exchange membrane
    ✓ Ca2+ selective electrode
41
Q

• An electrode used as a sensor for hydrogen or sodium in biological solutions.
• has 3 dimensional matrix of varying oxides of elements

A

Glass Membrane

42
Q

• A thin glass membrane
• has 3 layers that separate 2 solutions of different hydrogen ion activity

A

Hydrogen electrode

43
Q

A glass electrode selectively permeable only to Na (sodium)

A

Sodium glass electrode

44
Q

Basic types of MEMBRANES used in ISE

A
  1. Solid ion exchange
    ✓ glass membrane
    ✓ solid state crystal membrane
  2. Liquid ion exchange
  3. Neutral carrier membrane
45
Q

A solid ion exchange membrane that is:
• mechanically strong in thin sections
• chemically inert
• non-porous
• highly insoluble

A

Solid state crystal membrane

46
Q

A membrane that consists of water-immiscible solvents which contain ionizable species preferentially soluble in the solvent phase.

A

Liquid ion exchange

47
Q

ISE assay of Sodium (Na+)

Sample: _____
Anticoagulant: _____
Hemolysis effect: _____

A

Sample:
• serum, plasma, urine (24 hr), whole blood, sweat

Anticoagulant:
• Ammonium heparin, Lithium heparin, Lithium oxalate

Hemolysis effect:
• no significant change
— due to decreased levels of intracellular sodium

48
Q

ISE assay of Potassium (K+)

Sample: _____
Anticoagulant: _____
Hemolysis effect: _____

A

Sample:
• serum, plasma, urine

Anticoagulant:
• N/A

Hemolysis effect:
• must be avoided

49
Q

This results in release of K+ from the rupture of cell counts, causing spurious hyperkalemia

A

significantly elevated platelet counts results in release of K+ from the rupture of these cell counts, causing ____.

50
Q

Describes the electromotive force generated by H+ at the glass tip

A

Nernst Equation

CC1 (16 decks)

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