Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CC1 > Lec 14: Intro To Lipids > Flashcards

Lec 14: Intro To Lipids Flashcards

1
Q
  • heterogenous group of compounds relatively insoluble in water and freely soluble in nonpolar organic solvents.
  • not true polymers
A

Lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Lipids are _____ related to nonpolar organic solvents in terms of solubility.

(chemically, physically)

A

Physically related

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Functions of Lipids

A
  • important constituent of diet
  • storage form of energy
  • serves as electrical insulators of myelinated nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  1. Lipids are composed of ___.
  2. It is the group accountable for the nonpolar nature of fat.
  3. Majority of plasma fatty acids are found as _____.
A
  1. Fatty acids
  2. R group
  3. A part of triglycerides or phospholipids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Classifications of fatty acids depend on ____.

A
  • chain length
  • presence of double bonds
  • number of double bonds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

FATTY ACID CHAIN LENGTH

  • short chain: ___
  • medium chain: ___
  • long chain: ___
  • very long chain: ___
A
  • short chain: C2–C6
  • medium chain: C8–V14
  • long chain: at least C16
  • very long chain: at least C22
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
  • produced by bacterial fermentation of dietary carbohydrates.
  • absorbed directly into blood.
  • important source of energy for colonic mucosa
A

Short Chain Fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  • benefits patients with inadequate bile acid pools.
  • absorbed directly into blood.
  • has NO effect on atherosclerosis.
A

Medium Chain Fatty acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  1. A fatty acid that has NO double bond.
  2. A fatty acid that has at least one double bond.
  3. A fatty acid with ONLY ONE double bond.
  4. A fatty acid having MORE THAN ONE double bonds.
A
  1. Saturated fatty acid
  2. Unsaturated fatty acid
  3. Monounsaturated fatty acid
  4. Polyunsaturated fatty acid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Examples of PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids)

  • w–3 series: ___
  • w–6 series: ___
  • w–9 series: ___
A

w–3 series:
- Cervonic acid
- a-Linolenic acid
- Timnodonic acid

w–6 series:
- Arachidonic acid
- Linoleic acid

w–9 series:
- Elaidic acid
- Oleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Significance of Omega-3 fatty acids (w-3 FA)

A

• decreases serum triglycerides
—> decreased risk of cardiovascular disease.

• lowers thromboxane production
—> decreased tendency for platelet aggregation

• for infant’s development of neurologic system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

GEOMETRIC ISOMERISM OF FA

  1. A fatty acid when H atoms are found on the same side.
  2. A fatty acid when H atoms are found on opposite sides.
A
  1. Cis-form fatty acid
    • mostly liquid in RT
  2. Transform fatty acid
    • stable structure
    • solid at RT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Main storage for of lipids

A

Triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  • Very hydrophobic and usually water insoluble.
  • classified as neutral lipid.
A

Triglyceride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Contains 3 saturated fatty acid molecules that are attached to one molecule of glycerol by ester bonds.

A

Triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  • amphipathic
  • synthesized in the cytosolic compartment of all organs of the body (esp. Liver)
  • acts as a barrier to protect the cell against various environmental insults.
A

Phospholipids

17
Q

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

  1. Most abundant phospholipids.
  2. Hydrophilic head is composed of ___.
  3. Hydrophobic tail is composed of ___.
  4. What does amphipathic mean?
A
  1. Phosphatidylcholine, Phosphatidylethanolamine
  2. A phosphate group
  3. Two fatty acid tails
  4. Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic.
18
Q
  • an amphipathic lipid found on the surface of lipid layers along phospholipids.
  • in the liver, converted to primary bile acids that promote fat absorption.
  • useful for synthesis of steroid hormones
A

Cholesterol

19
Q
  • a 27-carbon compound
  • has four fused hydrocarbon rings
A

Cholesterol

20
Q
  • Composed of both lipids and proteins.
  • there are amphipathic cholesterol and phospholipid molecules on its surface.
A

Lipoprotein

21
Q
  • primarily located on the surface of lipoprotein particles
  • a protein which attaches to the lipid
  • maintains the structural integrity of lipoproteins
A

Apolipoproteins

22
Q

The most important lipoproteins in the body.

A

APO A-1
major lipoprotein located in HDL

APO B-100
major lipoprotein located in LDL & VDL

APO B-48
major lipoprotein located on the chylos or chylomicrons

23
Q

Cite the 4 forms of lipoproteins. (Give their source & remarks)

A

Chylomicron
Source: intestine
Remarks: lowest density, highest TAG content

VLDL
Source: Liver
Remarks: N/A

LDL
Source: VLDL
Remarks: highest cholesterol content

HDL
Source: liver, intestine
Remarks: highest protein content

24
Q
  1. The lightest lipoprotein with a density of less than 0.95 kg/L
  2. A very light lipoprotein with a density of 0.95 to 1.006 kg/L
A
  1. Chylomicrons
  2. VLDL
25
Q

Matching Type
1. Alpha region
2. Beta region
3. Pre-beta region

choices:
a. LDL
b. IDL
c. VLDL
d. HDL

A
  1. d. HDL
  2. a. LDL & b. IDL
  3. c. VLDL
26
Q
  1. General term for the imbalance of cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL in the blood.
  2. Possible causes.
A
  1. Dyslipidemia
  2. Diet, tobacco exposure, genetics
27
Q

CHD Positive Risk Factors (more likely to develop CHD)

A

Age
• Men: more than 45 years old
• Women: more than 55 years old, premature menopause

LDL concentration
• more than 160 with one risk factor
• more than 130 with two risk factors
• more than 100 with CHD equivalent

HDL concentration
• less than 40

Others
• cigarette smoking
• hypertension
• diabetes mellitus
• metabolic syndrome

28
Q

CHD Negative Risk Factors (less likely to develop CHD)

A

• increased HDL of more than 60
• LDL concentration of less than 100

29
Q

• Elevated concentrations of ApoB-containing lipoproteins
• Abnormally high levels of cholesterol within the arterial wall.

A

Atherosclerosis

30
Q

• defect in the gene ABCA1 transport
• fat is deposited into the tissues where it shouldn’t be, leading to Foam cells.
• telltale sign of enlarged yellow orange tonsils.

A

Tangier disease

31
Q
  1. Function of ABCA1 transporter.
  2. Effects of the presence of foam cells.
  3. Cause of enlarged yellow orange tonsils.
A
  1. Allows HDL to enter the cell membrane.
  2. Hepatosplenomegaly, Peripheral neuropathy (excess fat in nerves), premature coronary disease.
  3. Cholesterol deposition in the tonsils.
32
Q
  1. A common genetic disease caused by mutation by one or more of the genes critical for LDL cholesterol catabolism.
  2. In #1’s answer, the disease has a defect of ____.
  3. In #1’s answer, it is characterized by ___ and leads to ___.
A
  1. Familial Hypercholesterolemia
  2. Defect of LDL-C receptor
  3. Characterized by extremely elevated levels of LDL-C, and leads to early onset atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
33
Q

FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA
• elevated chylomicrons
• significant increase in triglycerides
• inherited deficiency of LPL or ApoC-II

A

Type 1 Hyperchylomicronemia

34
Q

FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA
• increase cholesterol
• elevated LDL
• genetic defect

A

Type 2 Hypercholesterolemia

35
Q

FAMILIAL
HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA
• elevated beta-lipoproteins
• rare

A

Type 3 Dysbetalipoproteinemia

36
Q

FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA
• increased triglycerides
• elevated VLDL
• causes: ___

A

Type 4 Hypertriglyceridemia

causes:
• diabetes
• obesity
• alcoholism
• poor dietary habits

CC1 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions