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MBB 231 > lec 6- cytoplasmic membrane systems > Flashcards

lec 6- cytoplasmic membrane systems Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 membranes of the nucleus?

A

the inner membrane and the outer membrane (connects with the ER)

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2
Q

where does everything enter and exit from in the nucleus?

A

nuclear pores

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3
Q

what is the nucleus?

A

an organelle that stores genetic information and acts as the control center

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4
Q

what is the golgi apparatus?

A

it is the organelle that processes proteins after they have been synthesized by the ER

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5
Q

what is the mitochondria?

A

creates ATP for the cell, multiple cells have different amounts of mitochondria

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6
Q

what do peroxisomes do?

A

contains oxidase that creates hydrogen peroxide which is then used to oxidize other reactive oxygen species that are toxic. take part in redox reactions

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7
Q

what do lysosomes do?

A

contain 40 types of hydrolytic enzymes which are acid hydrolases these help digest extracellular or intracellular molecules which are not needed

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8
Q

what are the parts of the endomembrane system?

A

rough ER, smooth ER, golgi complex, transport vesicles (endosomes, secretory vesicles, transition vesicles), and lysosomes

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9
Q

what tells proteins that are synthesized in the ER, where to go?

A

The signal sequence

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10
Q

do all proteins get n-linked glycosylated?

A

yes

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11
Q

why do proteins get n-linked glycosylated?

A

helps improve protein stability and folding

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12
Q

what maintains the structure of the ER and golgi?

A

motor proteins

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13
Q

are the rough and smooth ER seperated?

A

no, the rough and smooth ER have luminal spaces that are continuous, they are not seperate organelles

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14
Q

what is a biosynthetic pathway?

A

proteins are synthesized in the ER and then modified at the golgi and then transported to various destinations

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15
Q

what is the secretory pathway?

A

proteins synthesized in the ER are secreted from the cell

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16
Q

what is constitutive secretion and regulated secretion?

A

-constitutive secretion is when vesicles continuously form and carry proteins from the golgi to the cell surface
-regulatory secretion is when material is stored in vesicles and are transported to the cell surface in response of a specific signal

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17
Q

what is the steps to subcellular fractionation?

A

homogenization and centrifugation

18
Q

what is homogenization?

A

disrupting (homogenizing) a quantity of cells and the plasma membrane)

19
Q

what is differential centrifugation and what are the steps?

A

separating organelles or other particles of different size and density by their rates of sedimentation in a centrifugal field
1. spin all of the liquid for 10 min
2. take liquid portion out and spin again for 20 min
3. take liquid portion out and spin for an hour
4. receive soluble proteins

20
Q

what is density gradient centrifugation?

A

a sample from differential centrifugation is further separated by layering the sample on top of a gradient (like sucrose)

21
Q

what are endosomes and exosomes?

A

-endosomes are vesicles inside the cell which are together
-exosomes are extracellular vesicles secreted by the cell

22
Q

what does a microscope do?

A

magnifies small objects

23
Q

what is resolution?

A

the minimum distance needed to distinguish two points

24
Q

how does wavelength affect resolution?

A

decreasing wavelength increases resolution of small objects like cells

25
Q

how do longer wavelengths make large objects visible?

A

the large objects interfere with the large wavelengths making it visible, small objects wont interfere with the large wavelengths hence why not visible

26
Q

explain the light microscope?

A

condenser lens gathers diffused light from the light source and illuminates the specimen with a small cone of light, some light is diffracted while some passes through specimen, light then hits the objective lens. The focus knob changes the relative distance between the specimen and the objective lens. The ocular lens magnifies the image

27
Q

what is bright field microscopy?

A

the staining of samples which are used in light microscopy to add detail to the images, important to get information

28
Q

what is fixation of cells?

A

preserves cells and prevents degradation and decay

29
Q

what is staining of cells?

A

adding a simple stain to add contrast between colors

30
Q

what is angular aperture and what does it do?

A

angular aperture is the angle of the cone of light entering objective lens from the specimen, increasing angle increases resolution

31
Q

what is refractive index and what does it do?

A

the measure of the lights bending ability of that medium, air has refracting index of 1, high refracting index means more light enters objective lens, increasing resolution

32
Q

what is needed for the best resolution?

A

small wavelength, high angular aperture, and high refractive index

33
Q

what equation is used to get the best resolution?

A

abbe equation, r = wavelength/ (refractive index sin angular aperture)

34
Q

what is fluorescence?

A

The ability of certain chemicals to give off light after absorbing radiation like UV light

35
Q

what fluorescence dye is used most commonly and why?

A

DAPI because it binds to DNA and stains nucleus

36
Q

are photos using different dyes put together?

A

yes because each one is at a different wavelength

37
Q

what does a fluorescent dye do?

A

it absorbs at one wavelength and emits at a longer wavelength

38
Q

what does a dichroic mirror do?

A

it transmits certain wavelengths and reflects longer wavelengths usually used by dyes

39
Q

how are fluorescent dyes used to label proteins?

A

by direct method, or 2 indirect methods

40
Q

what are the methods to label proteins with dye?

A

direct- primary antibodies with dye attach to antigen
indirect 1- primary antibodies attach to antigens, secondary antibodies with dye attached attach to primary antibodies
indirect 2- indirect method 1 with proteins attached with dyes instead of secondary antibodies

41
Q

what is GFP?

A

it is a green fluorescent protein from jellyfish used as dye, contains chromophore made from ser65-tyr66-gly67

MBB 231 (17 decks)

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