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MBB 231 > lec 3- introduction to macromolecules > Flashcards

lec 3- introduction to macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

what are macromolecules?

A

large highly organized molecules that form the structure and carry out the activities of cells

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2
Q

what are the 4 types of macromolecules?

A

proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and lipids

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3
Q

are all macromolecules short lived?

A

no, only three are short lived, DNA lives long

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4
Q

what are carbohydrates?

A

sugar molecules that include monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

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5
Q

what macromolecule is the most abundant form of organic matter on earth?

A

carbohydrates or polysaccharides

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6
Q

what is the structure of a sugar molecule?

A

it has a backbone of carbon atoms linked together in single bonds

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7
Q

what is a ketose?

A

a sugar molecule with the carbonyl group located at an internal position

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8
Q

what is an aldose?

A

a sugar molecule with the carbonyl group located at an external position

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9
Q

what formation does glucose always take in the body?

A

a ring structure

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10
Q

what does the 5th carbon in glucose do to the 1 carbon in a ring structure?

A

a nucleophilic attack

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11
Q

what configuration does D-glucose have when the primary carbon OH is below the plane?

A

alpha-D-glucose

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12
Q

what configuration does D-glucose have when the primary carbon OH is above the plane?

A

beta-D-glucose

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13
Q

what bond links sugar molecules together?

A

glycosidic bonds

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14
Q

how do glycosidic bonds form?

A

they are formed between two OH groups on two separate monosaccharides

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15
Q

what carbohydrate cannot be digested and why?

A

cellubiose, due to no enzyme existing for it

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16
Q

what monosaccharides does the disaccharide Sucrose contain?

A

glucose and fructose

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17
Q

what monosaccharides does the disaccharide lactose contain?

A

galactose and glucose

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18
Q

what can an anomeric carbon no longer do when it takes place in a glycosidic bond?

A

it can no longer mutarotate

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19
Q

what are the two types of glycosidic bonds?

A

O-glycosidic bond (attached with hydroxyl)
and N-glycosidic bond (attached with nitrogen)

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20
Q

do anomeric carbons always bond with a sugar?

A

no, they can bond with a protein as well

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21
Q

what do branched glucose polymers make in an animal?

A

glycogen

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22
Q

what do branched or unbranched glucose polymers make in a plant?

A

starch

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23
Q

what is amylose?

A

amylose is a linear polymer, with alpha (1–>4) linkages between glucose monomers

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24
Q

what is amylopectin and glycogen?

A

They are branched polymers, with alpha (1–>4) linkages and alpha(1–>6) linkages

amylopectin has a branch every 25th glucose, while glycogen has a branch every 10th glucose

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25
Q

what is starch made of?

A

amylose ad amylopectin

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26
Q

what are the nutritional carbohydrates?

A

starch and glycogen

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27
Q

what are the structural carbohydrates?

A

cellulose, chitin, and GAGs

28
Q

what is cellulose?

A

plant product made of unbranched polymers

29
Q

what is chitin?

A

component of invertebrate exoskeleton made

30
Q

what is GAGs?

A

composed of two different sugars and found in extracellular space

31
Q

what is a glycan?

A

less than a dozen monosaccharides

32
Q

what is glycomics?

A

the study of glycans produced by an organism

33
Q

what are the types of lipids?

A

fats, steroids, and phospholipids

34
Q

what are the characteristics of fats?

A

fatty acids are long, unbranched hydrocarbon chains

35
Q

why can soaps dissolve grease?

A

because the nonpolar part of the fatty acid embeds itself into the grease while the polar part interacts with water, this causes the creation of a micelle where grease is on the inside and now can be washed away

36
Q

what are the two forms of fatty acids?

A

saturated = single bonds
unsaturated = double bonds “kink”

37
Q

what stores fat in the body

A

adipocyte cells

38
Q

what are steroids made of?

A

built around 4 ringed hydrocarbon skeleton that is attached to cholesterol

39
Q

do plant cells have cholesterol?

A

largely absent, so no, hence why vegetable oils are cholesterol free

40
Q

what are phospholipids made of?

A

two hydrocarbon tails attached to a glycerol which is attached to a phosphate group which is also attached to a small polar group like choline

41
Q

are phospholipids amphipathic?

A

yes

42
Q

what are proteins?

A

are macromolecules that carry out cell activities

43
Q

what are the 6 types of proteins?

A

-enzymes (catalyze reactions)
-structural proteins (provide mechanical support)
-signalling proteins (determine what a cell reacts to)
-regulatory proteins (determine how that signal is conveyed)
-filaments and molecular motors (provide biological movements)
-transport proteins (allow molecules in and out of the cell)

44
Q

what are the 4 levels of organization of a protein?

A

primary (amino acid chain)
secondary (a-helix and B-sheets)
tertiary (folding)
quaternary (assembled subunits)

45
Q

what are the two forms an amino acid can exist in?

A

D or L

46
Q

what form are amino acids in the synthesis of a protein?

A

L form

47
Q

what are amino acids made of?

A

an amine group, a carboxyl group, and a R group

48
Q

why is the hydropathy index important?

A

useful in determining the hydrophobic interior portion and hydrophilic parts of a protein

49
Q

what is protein secondary structure?

A

alpha helices and beta sheets

50
Q

T or F:
alpha helices do not cross through lipid bilayers

A

false

51
Q

what is a tertiary structure of protein?

A

folding

52
Q

how can you determine tertiary protein structure?

A

by NMR spectroscopy or X ray crystallography

53
Q

how are tertiary structures stabalized?

A

by noncovalent and covalent interactions

54
Q

what are the two categories of shape for a protein?

A

fibrous = long
globular = compact

55
Q

what is myoglobin?

A

a globular protein that stores oxygen

56
Q

what is protein quaternary structure?

A

assembled subunits

57
Q

what is a domain?

A

a substructure produced by any part of a polypeptide chain that can fold independently into a stable structure that has a function

58
Q

what is src protein kinase?

A

it is an enzyme

59
Q

how many domains does src protein have?

A

4 domains, 2 of the domains make kinase

60
Q

what is a homodimer?

A

a protein with 2 identical subunits

61
Q

what is a heterodimer?

A

a protein composed of 2 nonidentical subunits

62
Q

what causes protein denaturation?

A

urea, detergents, organic solvents, radiation, heat

63
Q

what do chaperones do?

A

bind to proteins and assist them in folding properly

64
Q

what does misfolding of proteins do?

A

cause diseases like alzheimers

65
Q

what are nucleic acids?

A

genetic information like DNA and RNA

66
Q

what are nucleotides?

A

the polymers that make nucleic acids

67
Q

what are nucleic acids made of?

A

a phosphate group, a sugar (deoxiribose in DNA and ribose in RNA) and a base

MBB 231 (6 decks)

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