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MBB 231 > lec 14- the immune response > Flashcards

lec 14- the immune response Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 weapons of the immune system?

A

-cells that kill/ingest infected or altered cells (e.g. cytotoxic T cells)
soluble proteins that can neutralize, immobilize, or kill pathogens (e.g. antibodies)

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2
Q

what is a pathogen?

A

a foreign organism

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3
Q

what are the two types of immunity?

A

-innate (nonspecific)
-adaptive (acquired , involves T and B cells)

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4
Q

what are the two circulatory systems?

A

cardiovascular and lymphatic

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5
Q

what do lymphatic vessels do?

A

collect tissue fluid from loose connective tissue, fluid only flows towards the heart

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6
Q

what are leukocytes?

A

multiple types of white blood cells

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7
Q

what do leukocytes circulate between?

A

the blood and lymph

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8
Q

what do leukocytes include?

A

-B cells that make antibodies
-T cells that help B-cells make antibodies
-T cells that can kill virus infected cells

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9
Q

how do cells of the immune system enter the lymphatic system?

A

by squeezing through specialized endothelial cells in lymph nodes (pathogens can enter through here as well)

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10
Q

what is hematopoiesis?

A

the regeneration of blood cells

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11
Q

from where do blood cells regenerate?

A

from the hematopoetic stem cells in the bone marrow

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12
Q

how can leukocytes be differentiated?

A

by the cell surface molecules identified by monoclonal antibodies

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13
Q

what is CD?

A

clusters of differentiation between white blood cells (e.g. clusters of T cells is differentiated by whether they express CD4 or CD8)

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14
Q

what are monocytes?

A

a type of leukocytes/white blood cells that are in the immune system and remove damaged or infected cells

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15
Q

what do monocytes differentiated/turn into?

A

macrophages

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16
Q

what does the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages involve?

A
  • five to ten-fold enlargement in cell size
  • increased complexity and number of intracellular organelles
  • increased phagocytic ability
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17
Q

what are macrophages?

A

long lived (2-4 months), self renewing cells that are the first line of cellular defense against pathogens

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18
Q

how do macrophages defend against pathogens?

A

in an infection they phagocytose pathogen and secrete signals that recruit monocytes that will turn into more macrophages to expand their population

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19
Q

what do the multiple receptors on a macrophages do?

A

some can recognize patterns on pathogen surfaces, these patterns are known as PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns)

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20
Q

what do the PAMPs on pathogens bind to on macrophages?

A

they bind to pathogen associated receptors, which then phagocytose the pathogens resulting in the activation of the macrophages

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21
Q

what are the three examples of PAMP receptors?

A

-Scavenger receptors
-Mannose receptors
-Toll-like receptors (TLR)

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22
Q

what are some other specific receptors?

A

-Fc receptors
-Complement receptors

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23
Q

how are macrophages activated?

A

they stay in a rested state until activated by the binding of a pathogen

24
Q

what are the two primary functions of macrophages?

A

-phagocytosis of degradation of pathogen, after pathogen binds to phagocytic receptors
-activstion of signal trasduction pathway that generates inflammatory cytokines, after pathogen binds to signal receptors

25
Q

what are cytokines?

A

substances secreted by cells of the immune system that have an effect on other cells

26
Q

what are chemokines?

A

chemokines are a type of cytokine that induce directed chemotaxis

27
Q

what do cytokines do?

A

induce inflammation at the site of infection so cells can fight germs there

28
Q

what presents pathogens to Helper T cells in the context of class II MHC molecules?

A

macrophages

29
Q

how do class II MHC proteins travel in the macrophages to present the antigen to T cells?

A

pieces of the pathogen end up in the binding site of Class II MHC proteins as the MHC proteins travel to the cell surface of a macrophages by the endomembrane system

30
Q

what are neutrophils?

A

-white blood cells in the imune system that kill pathogens, they do not present antigens
-most abundant granulocyte

31
Q

where are neutrophils released from?

A

they are released from bone marrow and circulate blood stream for 7-10 days

32
Q

what phagocytoses neutrophils?

A

macrophages

33
Q

what are NETs?

A

-neutrophil extracellular traps
-after a neutrophil has exhausted its ability to phagocytose, it will split out of a network of extracellular fibres, made of DNA that sticks to pathogens

34
Q

what substances are in primary and secondary granules?

A

lytic and bactericidal substances

35
Q

what is leucocytosis?

A

transient increase in the number of circulating neutrophils is used as an indication of infection

36
Q

what do hereditary deficiencies in neutrophil function result in?

A

an inability to defend against bacterial infections

37
Q

what are eosinophils?

A

a type of white blood cells that kill parasites and microorganisms and help protect from allergens, small abundancy in blood stream

38
Q

what are basophils?

A

a type of white blood cells that release histamin and interleukins to help cause an allergic reaction, low abundancy in blood stream

39
Q

what are mast cells?

A

a type of white blood cells that change upon reacting with histamin and causing an allergic reaction to take place

40
Q

what are dendritic cells?

A

a type of white blood cells that engulph pathogens either by phagocytosis or pinocytosis, then they migrate via the afferent lymphatic vessels to the nearest regional lymph nodes

41
Q

what do dendritic cells lose when they are in the lymph nodes?

A

they lose the ability to do phagocytosis, but gain the ability to present antigen to T cells

42
Q

what is cross presentation of dendritic cells?

A

they can present antigens by either using class II MHC or class I MHC proteins, important link between innate and adaptive immune system

43
Q

what are natural killer cells?

A

-a type of white blood cells that are large and lack antigen specific receptors
-often the first line of defense against some viruses

44
Q

what is the summary of the immune response?

A

-inflammatory response is initiated by cytokine secretion, causing redness, heat and pain which is needed to contain and eliminate infection
- at the same time, signals are being sent to initiate stronger immune response of T and B cells
-adaptive response only come into play if innate response cant clear infection

45
Q

what are lymphocytes (T and B cells)?

A

type of white blood cells that are inactive until encountered with antigen, after encounter they become effector cells (have a response for the pathogen)

46
Q

what is the B cell antigen receptor (BCR)?

A

a receptor that is the membrane bound form of an antibody that is secreted from B cells upon activation.

47
Q

what is the T cell antigen receptor (TCR)?

A

receptors that dont recognize free antigens but only antigens binded to MHC molecules on a antigen-presenting cell

48
Q

what difference do help T cells and cytotoxic T cells have?

A

-help T cells have CD4 protein
-cytotoxic T cells have CD8 proteins

49
Q

what are antigens?

A

foreign molecules that are recognized by antibodies or receptors

50
Q

what is the epitope?

A

the part of the antigen that binds to antibodies or receptors

51
Q

what happens to B cells when activate?

A

turn into plasma cells that can make antibodies

52
Q

what are the antigen presenting cells and what is required for them to present the antigens?

A

-dendritic cells, macrophages, B-lymphocytes
-need to do phagocytosis to present antigens

53
Q

what are the 3 types of T cells?

A

-cytotoxic T cells: have CD8 and kill cells infected with virus
-help T cells: have CD4 and help activate macrophages (and B cells and neutrophils), regulate other white blood cell activities
-regulatory T cells: supress activity of other lymphocytes and help control immune responses

54
Q

what is class I MHC and class II MHC associated with?

A

-class I MHC is associated with CD8 and found on every nucleated cell
-class II MHC is associated with CD4 only found on presenting cells

55
Q

what are lymph nodes an example of?

A

secondary lymphoid organs

MBB 231 (17 decks)

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