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Paleon > Lec 5 Synapsids & Mammals > Flashcards

Lec 5 Synapsids & Mammals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 lineages of Pelycosaurs?

A
  1. Eothyrididae
  2. Caseidae
  3. Varanopidae
  4. Ophiacodontidae
  5. Edaphosauridae
  6. Sphenacodontidae
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2
Q

Which of the 2 pelycosaur lineages are herbivorous?

A

Caseidae, Edaphosauridae

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of both eothyridids and caseids?

A
  1. Wide, shortened skulls
  2. large supratemporal bones
  3. Large external nares
  4. Procumbent rostrum
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4
Q

What are the characteristics of caseids only?

A

Closely-packed leaf-like marginal teeth, palatine dentition

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of Varanopids?

A

long, slender limbs (like lizards), long tooth row extending behind orbit

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of Ophiacodontids?

A

long rostrum, sharply pointed teeth, stout limbs

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of Edaphosaurids?

A

small skull, dorsal sail (including hyperelongated neural processes and laterally oriented cross pieces), peg-like teeth, palatal teeth, sliding jaw joint for propalinal movements

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of Sphenacodonts?

A

reflected lamina of angular, differentiation of dentition (canine), increased coronoid region (suggesting powerful adductor musculature), 3 sacral ribs stabilizing pelvic girdle (efficient terrestrial locomotion)

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9
Q

List an example of Sphenacodont (or Sphenacodontid) and its characteristics

A

Dimetrodon: have sail, but no cross beams on neural spines like Edaphosaurs

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10
Q

When did Therapsida originate?

A

Middle Permian

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11
Q

What are the features of Therapsida?

A

a) Enlarged temporal fenestra
b) Increased coronoid region of lower jaw
c) more forward jaw joint
d) Reduction of palatal teeth
e) Enlarged canine
f) enlarged reflected lamina
g) Loss of supratemporal bone
h) Longer more gracile limbs -> increase mobility at shoulder and hip joints
i) raised body off ground -> efficient ventilation

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12
Q

What are the 6 major groups of Therapsids?

A
  1. Biarmosuchia
  2. Dinocephalia
  3. Anomodontia
  4. Gorgonopsia
  5. Therocephalia
  6. Cynodontia
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13
Q

What are the features of Biarmosuchians?

A

Resemble sphenacodontids but no supratemporal, well-developed canine

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of Dinocephalians

A

Pachyostosis of skull, heavy built, skull processes

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15
Q

What are the two groups of Dinocephalians?

A

Anteosauria, Tapinocephallia

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of Anteosauria?

A

Large canine, well-developed incisors, reduced postcanine teeth

17
Q

What are the characteristics of Taphinocephalia?

A

Pschyostosis skull roof, temporal fenestra reduced, canine reduced, heels on incisors, post-canine teeth well-developed

18
Q

What are the characteristics of Anomodontia?

A

Keratinous beak, large tusks as only teeth, long postorbital region -> massive adductor musculature, enlarged fenestra, mandibular fenestra

19
Q

What are the characteristics of Gorgonopsia?

A

Huge canine, 90 degree gape

20
Q

What are the features of mammals?

A

Cranial:
1. Dentary only lower jaw bone
2. Squamosal-dentary jaw joint
3. Dentary: high coronoid process and mandibular fossa
4. well-differentiated, marginal, diphyodont dentition
5. 3 ear bones: stapes, quadrate -> incus, articular -> malleus
6. Ectotympanic
7. Single bony naris
8. Double occipital condyle
9. Large temporal fenestra
10. Large zygomatic arch, dorsally bowed and laterally flared
11. No pineal foramen
12. No postorbital
13. Secondary palate

Postcranial:
1. Limbs erect, almost below body
2. Limbs move in parasagittal plane
3. girdles developed dorsally
4. Slender tail
5. No lumbar ribs -> have diaphragm
6. No cervical ribs
7. Vertebral column bends dorsoventrally, not laterally -> longer stride + ventilation

21
Q

What are the characteristics of Therocephalia?

A

Derived: high coronoid process, secondary palate, no palatal teeth
Ancestral: have postorbital and postdentary elements

22
Q

When did Amniota diversify

A

Late Carboniferous

23
Q

What are the 2 key features of Cleidoic eggs

A
  1. Semi-permeable shell: keep fluid in, allow gas exchange
  2. Extra-embryonic membranes: chorion, amnion, allantois
24
Q

What are the features of early amniote?

A

Astragalus, round occipital condyle, frontal contacts orbits,

25
Q

What are the 4 types of skulls?

A

Anapsid, synapsid, diapsid, euryapsid

Paleon (10 decks)

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