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Paleon > Lec 11 Dinosaurs & Birds > Flashcards

Lec 11 Dinosaurs & Birds Flashcards

1
Q

What are the synapomorphies of Avemetatarsalia?
(hints: 4 post-cranial, compared to crocodile)

A

shortened forelimbs, tibia longer than femur, mesotarsal ankle joint, no dorsal body osteoderms

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2
Q

What are the main clades in Avemetatarsalia?

A

Pterosauromorpha, Dinosauria

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3
Q

What are the 5 main features of Pterosaurs?
(3 post, 2 whole body)

A

Pteroid bone
elongated 4th finger supports wing membrane
Hollow bone with thin cortex
Pycnofibre integumentary covering
Synsacrum

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4
Q

What are the 3 synapomorphies of Dinosauria?
(all post-cranial)

A
  1. Deltopectoral crest on humerus
  2. Perforated acetabulum
  3. femoral head inturned and distinctly offset from the shaft
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5
Q

What are the two main clades of Dinosauria?

A

Saurischia, Ornithisichia

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6
Q

What are the 3 synapomorphies of Ornithischia?
(2 cranial, 1 post-cranial)

A
  1. Predentary
  2. ossified tendons along vertebral column
  3. tooth crown expanded above root
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7
Q

What are the characteristic of Ornithischia: Thyreophora?
(1 whole body)

A

extensive development of osteoderms

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8
Q

What are the 2 characteristics of Thyreophora: Stegosaurs?
(all post-cranial)

A

bony plates that ran vertically down the middle of the back; spikes on tail

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of Thyreophora: Ankylosauria?

A

Heavily armoured since osteoderms embedded in the skin
Bony tail clubs and bony eyelids

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10
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of Ornithischia: Ornithopoda?

A
  1. fossa-like depression on premaxilla-maxilla boundary
  2. paired frontals narrow and elongated
  3. fenestra located dorsally on surangular-dentary joint
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11
Q

What are 2 examples of Orithopoda?

A

Iguanodontia, Hadrosauridae

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12
Q

What are the 4 key features of Ornithischia: Orithopoda: Hadrosauridae?
(all cranial)

A
  1. dental battery w/ >=3 replacement teeth
  2. cranial crest formed of nasal bone
  3. circumnarial fossa
  4. lancoelate tooth crowns
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13
Q

What are the 5 key features of Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae?
(4 cranial, 1 post-cranial)

A
  1. rostral bone
  2. Horns on face
  3. Frills formed by parietal and squamosal
  4. Shearing dentition
  5. Syncervical bar (fused anterior neck vertebrae)
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14
Q

What are the uses of horns and frills in Ceratopsidae?

A

Socio-sexual display

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15
Q

What are the key features of Ornithischia: Pachycephalosauria?
(2 cranial, 1 post-cranial)

A
  1. Thickened frontoparietal dome of skull
  2. ornamented parietosquamosal shelf
  3. wide flaring pelvis
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16
Q

What are the 4 synapomorphies of Saurischia?
(1 cranial, 3 post-cranial)

A
  1. Lacrimal folds over posterior part of antorbital fenestra
  2. Hand > 40% of humerus+radius
  3. Twisted first phalanx in the thumb
  4. manual digit V lack phalanges
17
Q

What are the two clades of Saurischia?

A

Sauropodomorpha, Theropoda

18
Q

What are the synapomorphies of Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha?
(1 cranial, 2 post-cranial)

A
  1. Small skull (< 50% of femur)
  2. > = 10 cervical vertebrae forming elongate neck
  3. forelimb > 50% length of hindlimb
19
Q

What are the 4 key features of Sauropodomorpha: Sauropoda?
(all post-cranial)

A
  1. > = 4 sacral vertebrae
  2. long forelimbs (over 2/3 the length of hindlimb)
  3. straight femur
  4. digit V of foot weight-bearing
20
Q

What are the synapomorphies of Saurischia: Theropoda?
(1 cranial, 2 post-cranial)

A
  1. Anterior tympanic recess in braincase
  2. elongated and curved anterior wing on iliac blade
  3. MT 1 reduced and attached to MT II, not reach ankle joint
21
Q

What is the theropod body plan?
(1 cranial, 3 post-cranial)

A

1, Bipedal gait
2. blade-like serrated teeth
3. s-shaped neck
4. foot with 3 main weight-bearing digits and a short hallux

22
Q

What are the synapomorphies of Theropoda: Tetanurae
(1 cranial, 1 post-cranial)

A

maxillary fenestra in antorbital fossa
sharp ridge on tibia for close attachment of fibula

23
Q

What are the synapomorphies of Theropoda: Tentanurae: Coelurosauria?
(2 cranial, 1 whole body)

A
  1. maxilla antorbital fenestra > 40% of external antorbital fenestra
  2. No serrations on premaxillary teeth
  3. simple filamentous feathers
24
Q

What are the 5 common features of herbivorous Coelurosauria?
(3 jaw features)

A

loss of teeth
toothless beaks
downturned lower jaws
large body size
stomach stones

25
Q

What are the synapomorphies of Theropoda: Tentanurae: Coelurosauria: Maniraptora?
(3 cranial, 1 whole body)

A
  1. complex, vaned feathers
  2. maxilla participates broadly in external naris
  3. fused parietals
  4. maxillary and dentary teeth lack serrations anteriorly
26
Q

What are the synapomorphies of Theropoda: Tentanurae: Coelurosauria: Maniraptora: Paraves?
(2 post-cranial, 1 whole body)

A
  1. asymmetric vaned feathers on forelimbs
  2. humerus longer than scapula
  3. calcaneum and astragulus fused but not to tibia
27
Q

What are the 2 clades of Paraves?

A

Deinonychosauria, Aves

28
Q

What are the two clades of Paraves: Deinonychosauria?

A

Troodontidae, Dromaeosauridae

29
Q

What are the 2 key features of Troodontidae & Dramaeosauridae?

A

extensive features covering, wings with shafted feathers on arms and legs

30
Q

What are the synapomorphies of Aves?
(1 cranial, 1 post-cranial)

A

Parietals separate
Elongate forelimbs (humerus and ulna longer than femur)

31
Q

What is the key feature of Pygostylia?

A

Reduced number and fusion of caudal vertebrae in the pygostyle

32
Q

What are the 4 synapomorphies of Neornithes?
(2 cranial, 2 post-cranial)

A

no teeth
dentaries fused anteriorly into a beak
pneumatized coracoid and humerus
>=11 sacral vertebrae

33
Q

What are the 2 hypotheses on how flight evolves?

A
  1. Trees Down Hypothesis: first in arboreal forms that glide then powered flight
  2. Ground Up Hypothesis: first in ground dwelling forms that used their wings to generate lift either while climbing or chasing down prey, then powered flight
    (Wing assisted incline running)
34
Q

Sequence of evolution of feathers

A
  1. Filamentous feathers for display, sensory, insulation
  2. Shafted feathers
  3. Asymmetrical

Paleon (10 decks)

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