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Roent (Lec 1-5 & Anatomic Landmarks) > Lec 4 Patient Protection, Personnel Protection > Flashcards

Lec 4 Patient Protection, Personnel Protection Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 guiding principles in implementing radiation protection?

A
  1. Justification
  2. Optimization
  3. Dose limitation
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2
Q

The dentist should identify situations where the benefit to a patient from the diagnostic exposure likely exceeds the risk of harm.

What principle?

A

Justification

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3
Q

No practice shall be adopted unless its introduction produces a ____________?

A

Positive net benefit

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4
Q

Dentists should use every reasonable means to reduce unnecessary exposure to their patients, their staff, and themselves.

What principle?

A

Optimization

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5
Q

What does ALARA stands for?

A

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

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6
Q

ALARA holds that exposures to ionizing radiation should be kept as low as reasonably achievable, with economic and social factors being taken into account.

What principle?

A

Optimization

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7
Q

Use Good Clinical Judgment and Apply Evidence-Based Imaging Guidelines
- Make radiographs when they are likely to contribute to __________ and _______________.
- Use _____________ to assist in determining type and frequency of radiographic examinations.

A
  • Diagnosis and treatment planning
  • Selection criteria
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8
Q

Use Best Practices in Radiographic Imaging:
- Optimize your exposure settings to the patient’s ____ and _______ to be imaged.

Intraoral radiography
- Use _____ speed film or digital sensors
- Use ________ to support film or digital sensors
- Use __________ collimation
- Make exposures with ______ kVp
- Use _____ collars

Panoramic radiography
- Use ______________ for film imaging or use digital systems.

Cephalometric radiography
- Use a ___________, if it will not obstruct anatomic landmarks for cephalometry.

Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)
- ________ the field of view to cover the region of interest.

Film-based imaging
- Use ____________________ rather than “sight” processing, or use an automatic processor.

A
  • size and anatomic area

intraoral:
- E/F speed film
- holders
- rectangular
- 60-70 kVp
- thyroid collars

panoramic:
- rare-earth screens

ceph:
- thyroid collar

cbct:
- restrict

film-based imaging
- time-temperature processing

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9
Q

Use Best Practices in Personnel Protection:
- Stand behind a __________ or at least __ feet (__m) away from patient and away from the x-ray machine when making exposure.
- For handheld devices, ensure the _______________ is in place.

A
  • protective barrier
  • 6 feet (2m)
  • protective backscatter shield
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10
Q

Provides dose limits for occupational and public exposures to ensure that no individuals are exposed to unacceptably high doses.

What principle?

A

Dose limitation

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11
Q

The dose equivalent to individuals shall not exceed the limits recommended by the ______ (limitation). This principle applies to dentists and their staff who are exposed occupationally but not to patients because there are no dose limits for individuals exposed for________ purposes.

A
  • ICRP
  • diagnostic
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12
Q

Good radiologic practice includes use of the ______ image receptor compatible with the diagnostic task (__-speed film or _____) (ADA 2012).

A

fastest image receptor;
F-speed/digital

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13
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
Fast films are effective for exposure reduction.

A

True

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14
Q

__________ intensifying screens are recommended… combined with high-speed film of ______ or greater (ADA 2006).

A
  • Rare-earth
  • 400
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15
Q

What are the the two rare-earth elements used in extraoral radiography? (2)

A

Gadolinium, lanthanum

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16
Q

Use of long source-to-skin distances of ____ cm, rather than short distances of 20 cm, decreases exposure by 10 to 25 percent.

A

40cm

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17
Q

Distances between ___ cm and ___ cm are appropriate, but the ______ distances are optimal (ADA 2006).

A
  • 20 and 40cm
  • longer distances
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18
Q

Since a ___________ collimator decreases the radiation dose by up to fivefold as compared with a circular one, radiographic equipment should provide _______ collimation for exposure of periapical and bitewing radiographs (ADA 2012).

A

rectangular

19
Q

The purpose of this is to preferentially remove these low-energy xray photons from the x-ray beam

A

Filtration

20
Q

____ mm of aluminum for a machine operating at 50 to 70 kVp and ____ mm of aluminum for machines operating at higher voltages.

A
  • 1.5mm
  • 2.5mm
21
Q

The ______ gland is more susceptible to radiation exposure during dental radiographic exams given its anatomic position, particularly in ______.

A
  • thyroid
  • children
22
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Protective thyroid collars should be used whenever possible.

A

TRUE

23
Q

These equipment align the film precisely with the collimated beam are recommended for periapical and bitewing radiographs (ADA 2006).

A

Film holders

24
Q
  • Their use results in a significant reduction in unacceptable images and thus avoidable retakes.
  • Used to control the position and alignment of the film or sensor with respect to the teeth and jaws.
A

Film and sensor holders

25
Q

The optimal operating potential of dental x-ray units is between ___________ kVp

A

60-70 kVp

26
Q

Kilovoltage (kVp) influences image contrast and patient dose.

  • At lower kVp, the image contrast is _______, which could potentially enhance diagnosis.
  • At higher kVp, the patient radiation dose is ______.
A
  • increased
  • decreased
27
Q

This is controlled by the quantity of x-rays produced, which is best controlled by the combination of milliamperage and exposure time, termed milliampere-seconds.

A

Image density

28
Q

Milli-ampere seconds should be set at the ______ (highest/lowest?) mA setting.

A

highest

29
Q

Interpreting images:
- ______ room with light transmitted through the films;
- All ________ light should be eliminated.
- In addition, radiographs should be studied with the aid of a ____________ to detect even the smallest change in image density.

A
  • semi-darkened room
  • extraneous light
  • magnifying glass
30
Q

When shielding is not possible, the operator should stand at least ___ meters from the tube head and ____ of the path of the primary beam

A
  • 2 meters
  • out of the path
31
Q

Barrier should have a _________ to allow visual and verbal contact with the patient during exposure.

A
  • leaded window
32
Q

Position-and-distance rule:

Operator should stand at least _________ from the patient at an angle of ____ to ____ degrees to the central ray of the x-ray beam.

A
  • 6 ft (2m)
  • 90-135 degrees
33
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Operators should hold films or sensors in place.

A

FALSE

Operators should NEVER hold films or sensors in place.

34
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
Parent or Individual responsible for patient should be the one to hold film in place while wearing a protective apron.

A

TRUE

35
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
Battery operated devices designed to be held by the operator.

A

TRUE

36
Q
  • Device must be held in a ________ position, oriented _______ to the operator
  • If angling the device, it is necessary to ____ the patient’s head as well as this can expose the operator to scatter radiation.
A
  • horizontal position; perpendicular
  • angle
37
Q

To minimize exposure to the operator, a _____________ is incorporated into the device at the end of the collimator ring and provides a zone where scattered radiation is negligible.

A

backscatter shield

38
Q
  • The ADA recommends that workers who may receive an annual dose _________ should wear personal ________ to monitor their exposure levels.
  • ______ dental personnel operating x-ray equipment should use personal dosimeters, regardless of anticipated exposure levels (ADA 2012).
A
  • greater than 1 mSv
  • dosimeters
  • pregnant
39
Q

Annual effective dose for Occupational exposure (by NCRP)?

A

50 mSv / year

40
Q

Annual effective dose for Public exposure?

A

1 mSv

41
Q
  • ICRP-established dose limit for occupationally exposed individuals is _______ mSv of whole-body radiation exposure per year.
  • ______ average dose for individuals occupationally exposed in the operation of dental x-ray equipment.
A
  • 20 mSv
  • 0.2 mSv
42
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

No limits on the exposure a patient can receive diagnostic examinations, interventional procedures, or radiation therapy.

A

TRUE.

This is because these exposures are made intentionally for the direct benefit of the recipient.

43
Q

Is defined as a program for periodic assessment of the performance of all parts of the radiologic procedure.

A

Quality assurance

Roent (Lec 1-5 & Anatomic Landmarks) (29 decks)

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