Lec 2 Physics Flashcards
Anything that has mass and occupies space.
Matter
Basic unit of all matter.
Atom
An atom consists of? (3)
Protons (+)
Neutrons (n)
Electrons (-)
The atomic structure consists of? (3)
Nucleus, Atomic number, Atomic mass
Consists of positively charged protons and neutral neutrons.
Nucleus
The number of protons in the nucleus.
Atomic number
Total number of protons and neutrons.
Atomic mass
Electron orbitals are explained by 2 models, which are?
The Bohr model, Quantum mechanical model
- K, L, M, N, O, P
- Each shell consists of a quantum number 1, 2, 3..
- Each shell can hold a maximum of 2n2 electrons (where n is the quantum number of the shell).
The Bohr model
- Electron orbitals are defined from the distance of the nucleus where n = 1, 2, 3 and their shape; s, p, d, f, g, h, and I
- The electron orbitals in order of filling are 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 3d, 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f … and so forth.
- Describes electrons within three dimensional orbitals (clouds).
The Quantum mechanical model
The energy needed to overcome the electrostatic force that binds an electron to the nucleus
Electron binding energy
It is the conceptual basis to understand ionization, which occurs when matter is exposed to x-rays.
Electron binding energy
- It is the process by which ions are formed by gain or loss of an electron from an atom or molecule.
- Occurs when matter is exposed to x-rays.
Ionization
Examples of high energy particles (ionizing radiations).
x-rays and ultraviolet radiation
Examples of low energy particles (nonionizing radiations).
visible light, infrared and microwave radiations, and radio waves
These radiations do not have sufficient energy to remove bound electrons from their orbitals.
Nonionizing radiation
These radiations have sufficient energy to displace electrons from their orbitals and ionize atoms.
Ionizing radiation
It is the transmission of energy through space and matter.
Radiation
It is a form of energy carried by waves or stream of particles (photons).
Radiation
What are the 2 forms of radiation?
Electromagnetic and particulate
The movement of energy through space as a combination of electric and magnetic fields.
Electromagnetic radiation
Examples of electromagnetic radiation.
Radiowaves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, UV light, x-rays, gamma rays.
2 theories that best describe electromagnetic radiation?
Wave theory, Quantum theory
Additional info
- Electromagnetic radiation: It is generated when the velocity of an electrically charged particle is altered.
- The higher-energy types of radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum—ultraviolet rays, x-rays, and γ-rays—are capable of ionizing matter.
- γ-Rays originate in the nuclei of radioactive atoms. They typically have greater energy than x-rays.
- x-rays are produced outside the nucleus and result from the interaction of electrons with large atomic nuclei, as in x-ray machines.
Perfect na yan
The _______ theory considers electromagnetic radiation as small discrete bundles of energy called ______.
Quantum theory
Photons
Additional info
- Each photon travels at the speed of light and contains a specific amount of energy, expressed with the unit electron volt (eV).
- In this picture you can see the relationship between photon wavelength and energy. Photons with shorter wavelengths have higher energy, dental radiography (blue) have energies of 10 to 120 kiloelectron volts
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This theory of electromagnetic radiation maintains that radiation is propagated in the form of waves
Wave theory
Any subatomic particles, such as protons, neutrons, and high-speed electrons, capable of causing ionization
Particulate radiation
Examples of particulate radiation (3).
Protons, neutrons, high-speed electrons
Happens when large atoms break up and release alpha or beta particles, or gamma rays.
When a radioactive atom releases an α or a β particle, the atom is transmuted into another element.
Radioactivity
