lec 16

Question 1

autotrophs

Answer 1

plants make their own food thru photosynthesis

Question 2

hermaphrodites

Answer 2

male and female reproductive parts

Question 3

photosynthesis

Answer 3

-responsible for O2
-removes CO2

Question 4

how do plants grow

Answer 4

for growth, plants need to get more carbon through photosynthesis than they lose thru respiration

-carbon balance

Question 5

primary productivity

Answer 5

how much plants grow

Question 6

transpiration

Answer 6

when plants lose water and O2 through stomata

Question 7

benefits of large leaf SA

Answer 7

good for harvesting light and CO2

Question 8

costs of large leaf surface area

Answer 8

bad for overheating, water loss by transpiration through stomata
-bad in dry places

Question 9

how do plants cope with overheating/water loss

Answer 9

most plants fix carbon by C3 photosynthesis
-rubisco is the enzyme that accepts CO2
-at high temps, rubisco often captures O2 instead of CO2, which’s bad for plants (photorespiration)

Question 10

c4 photosynthesis

Answer 10

the enzyme PEP carboxylase first accepts CO2 reducing photosynthesis

Question 11

CAM photosyn

Answer 11

plants close stomata during the day to reduce water loss, open stomata at night to let in CO2; photosynthesis still needs light, so they store CO2 as malate until daytime

Question 12

plants with large leaves also combat overheating by

Answer 12

growing in shady habitats

evaporative cooling by opening stomata

Question 13

plants with large leaves combat water loss by

Answer 13

closing stomata

…but that shuts off all gas exchange including CO2 input, so photosynthesis shuts down

-plant then stops growing and risks overheating and tissue damage

-tradeoff b/w water conservation and rapid growth

Question 14

tropical trees

Answer 14

extensive shallow roots
-tropical rainforests have a shallow layer of nutrient-rich soil
-extensive, shallow roots are an adaptation to acquire scarce nutrients

Question 15

nitrogen fixation

Answer 15

when bacteria can take nitrogen from air

Question 16

how deciduous trees evade stress through behaviour

Answer 16

by dropping leaves during dry or cold seasons to reduce water stress and tissue damage

Question 17

leaf shape

Answer 17

influences gas exchange through laminar VS turbulent air flow

Question 18

laminar

Answer 18

Definition: A smooth, orderly flow of fluid where fluid particles move in parallel layers without mixing between them

Question 19

turbulent

Answer 19

A chaotic, irregular flow of fluid characterized by eddies, swirls, and vortices, leading to mixing between fluid layers

-layers cross
-better for gas exchange

Question 20

more laminar flow

Answer 20

less cooling

Question 21

more turbulence

Answer 21

better cooling

Question 22

recursive digresson

Answer 22

convective cooling aided by turbulence

could metaphorically describe how layers of cooling processes interact or how analyses of these processes might branch into interconnected factors

Convective cooling involves heat transfer from a surface to a fluid (like air or water) due to the movement of the fluid.

The recursive aspect can emerge in:

Flow Patterns:
For turbulent convection, eddies or swirls create smaller, nested eddies, each contributing to heat transfer. These interactions could be seen as “recursive digressions” of the main flow pattern.

Question 23

epiphytes

Answer 23

Epiphytes are plants that grow on other plants for physical support but are not parasitic—they do not take nutrients from their host plant

Instead, they derive moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, and debris that collects around them

Epiphytes are commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions, where their adaptations help them thrive in competitive ecosystems like rainforests.

Question 24

epiphytes grow on trees, so they aren’t able to put…

Answer 24

their roots into the soil, leading to water stress and nutrient shortages