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MSK I > Lec 1 fert and embryology > Flashcards

Lec 1 fert and embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the anatomy of the human ovum

A

blue space is perivitelline space

Haploid 23X

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2
Q

Describe the anatomy of the human sperm

A

Acrosome contains enzymes

Nucleus DNA 23X or 23Y

Neck is joining piece

Middle piece contains mito

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3
Q

What events happen in week 1

A
  • Fertilization
  • cleavage
  • formation blastocyst
  • formation embryoblast
  • implantation
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4
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

Ampulla

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5
Q

what must happen for fertilization to occur?

A

Capacitation- glycoprotein coat and seminal plasmsa proteins removed from plasma membrane of sperm (acrosome reaction release enzymes)

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6
Q

After capacitation what happens?

A

passage of sperm through corona radiata with the release of Hyaluronidase

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7
Q

What allows the sperm to pass through corona radiata?

A

Hyaluronidase

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8
Q

After passage through corona radiata what happens?

A

penetration of zona pellucida- via release of

  • esterases
  • acrosin
  • neuraminidase
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9
Q

After penetration of the zona pellucida?

A

Zona Reaction (when one sperm enters zona pellucida (zona reaction) causes mesh to be rigid

blocking polyspermy (Granules?)

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10
Q

After the zona reaction?

A
  • Fusion of plasma membranes of oocyte and sperm
  • Head and tail of sperm enter oocyte cytoplasm

(Sperm mitochondria do not enter)

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11
Q

what happens once sperm enters oocyte cytoplasm?

A
  • completion of second meiotic division
  • formation of male pronucleus
  • fusion of male and female pronuclei= zygote
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12
Q

What are the results of fertilization?

A
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13
Q

approximately how long does fertilization take?

A

7 hrs

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14
Q

when does cleavage occur?

A

30 hr after fertilization

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15
Q

what happens during the beginning of cell cleavage?

A
  • Once we have two cells the cells are called blastomeres
  • the cells increase in number but decrease in size
  • embryo size stays the same
  • form a morula

cadherins help this

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16
Q

When does a morula form?

A

Around day 3

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17
Q

From morula to what?

A

Blastocyst (Day 5)

fluid enters and creates cavity

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18
Q

how many cells in a morula?

A

12-32 cells

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19
Q

Implantation happens when?

A

around day 6

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20
Q

What happens during day 5-7?

A

Early blastocyst to late blastocyst

  • degenerating of zona pellucida

by day 7 it is gone (hatching of embryo)

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21
Q

What does the trophoblast form?

the inner cell mass?

A

Placenta

embryo

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22
Q

Blastocyst pic

A
23
Q

after one week how many layers in the embryo?

A

one layer

the inner cell mass

24
Q

Assisted reproductive technologies

A
  • in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer
  • cryopreservation of embryos
  • intracytoplasmic sperm injection

(low sperm inject sperm into egg)

25
Q

in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer overview

A
26
Q

embryonic stem cells

A

from inner cell mass

(patients dont know they are pregnant at this stage so get from cryo)

pluripotent

Somatic nuclear transfer

27
Q

Trophoblast gives rise to what?

A
  • Cytotrophoblast
  • syncytiotrophoblast
28
Q

Cytotrophoblast is where and what does it do?

A

stem cell layer

mitotically active

29
Q

Syncytiotrophoblast is where and what does it do?

A
  • Multinucleated.
  • releases proteolytic enzymes responsible for implantation
  • releases chorionic gonadotropin hCG

(initial signal of pregnancy)

30
Q

What happens in the first 10 days of implantation

A

immunosuppressant needs to be present

31
Q

What is a hydatidiform mole?

A

abnormal trophoblastic proliferation; excessive amounts of hCG produced

2 types

Complete (Mole 1)

Partial (Mole 2)

32
Q

Complete mole vs partial mole

A

C-fert of an empty oocyte, followed by duplication of the sperm.

or from fert of an empty oocyte by two sperm

P-fert of a normal oocyte by two sperm

(no polyspermy block)

(paternal fault)

33
Q

clinical features of a hydatidiform mole

A
  • vaginal bleeding
  • pelvic pressure or pain
  • enlarged uterus
  • hyperemesis gravidarum (morning sickness) due to high hCG
34
Q

What can form from a nonremoved hydatidiform mole?

A

Choriocarcinomas (3-5 percent)

-malignant tumor which develops from mole

spread to liver lung vagina intestine bone and brain.

35
Q

Week 2 what structures are formed?

what do they arise from?

A
  • Epiblast
  • Hypoblast

Inner cell mass

36
Q

What does Epiblast create?

A
  • Ectoderm
  • amnion
  • amniotic cavity
37
Q

What does Hypoblast create?

A

Endoderm

38
Q

What is only present in week 2?

A

hypoblast

replaced in wk 3

39
Q

Hypoblast to endoderm then to what?

A

Prechordal plate

primary and secondary yolk sac (umbilical vessel)

extraembryonic mesoderm

40
Q

Extraembryonic Coelom vs somatic mesoderm vs splanchnic

A
41
Q

Extraembryonic somatic mesoderm gives rise to what?

A

connecting stalk

chorion

42
Q

extraembryonic splachnic mesoderm forms what?

A

Primitive blood

43
Q

abnormal implantation

A

tubal pregnancy

placenta prev

44
Q
A
45
Q

quick explanation of gastrulation

A

primitive streak in caudal end invaginates as cells grow into eachother. they then get new signals and migrate to the hypoblast where they replace the hypoblast cells with true endoderm. Signals also tell cells in the middle to then change into the true mesoderm. we now have 3 layers

46
Q

What gives rise to the diaphragm?

heart?

A

septum transversum

cardiogenic area

47
Q

what is prechordal plate and cloacal membrane made of what do they become?

A

made of ectoderm and mesoderm

prechordal plate becomes mouth

cloacal membrane to urinary repro

48
Q

sacroccoccygeal teratoma cause?

A

primitive streak from epiblast persisted and caused this

49
Q

Notochord germ layer type?

A

mesoderm

50
Q

Most important role of notochord?

A

induce the formation of neural plate and central nervous system (release sonic hedge hog)

51
Q

chordomas

A

from the notochord slow growing aggressive neoplasm of bone

52
Q

Mesoderm 3 layers with a notochord.

what are the three types of mesoderm?

A

paraxial

intermediate

lateral plate

53
Q

Paraxial mesoderm creates what?

A

somites

54
Q
A

MSK I (5 decks)

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