Back arthrology

Question 1

Types of joints

Answer 1

• synovial joint
• fibrous joint
• cartilaginous joint
• compound joint

Question 2

Synovial joints

Answer 2

• Planar
• ginglymus (hinge)
• trochoid (pivot)
• condyloid
• sellar (saddle)
• spheroidal (ball and socket)
• compound synovial

Question 3

Types of synovial joints function

Answer 3

Question 4

Types of fibrous joints

Answer 4

• Sutures
• schindylesis
• gomphosis
• syndesmosis

Question 5

Types of sutures

Answer 5

• serrated suture (interlocking bone with a jagged edge)
• Squamous suture (joined bone with two beveled surfaces)
• planar suture (two blunt ends joined by fibrous connective tissue)

Question 6

What are these?

gomphosis

schindylesis

syndesmosis

Answer 6

G- peg in socket joined by fibrous connective tissue

SChind- tongue in groove joined by fibrous con tiss

Syndes- two bones separated by a fibrous membrane

Question 7

types of cartilaginous joints

Answer 7

Synchondrosis

symphyisis

Question 8

synchondrosis

Answer 8

cartilaginous joints, temporary carilaginous unions of hyaline cartilage

usually between diaphysis and epiphysis of growing bone

Question 9

symphysis

Answer 9

Secondary carliaginous joints

strong slightly moveable joints united by fibrocartilage

such as spine body disc body

Question 10

compound joint?

Answer 10

a joint that includes articulations from more than one of the three main categories of joints

Question 11

C1/C2 joint type

Answer 11

compound synovial joint (planar and trochoid)

Question 12

Intervertebral joints C3-S1

Answer 12

Symphysis

Question 13

s5/Col

Answer 13

Symphysis

Question 14

C1-S1 joints for all of these

Answer 14

zygapophyseal joint (planal synovial)

Question 15

What joint can happen at the cervical intervertebral joint?

Answer 15

At the Cervical Intervertebral Joint the joint between the Uncinate Process of the inferior Vertebra and beveled inferior surface of the superior Vertebra is described as an Uncovertebral Joint (of Luschka). It is unclear whether this joint should be classified as Synovial.

Question 16

What can hyperextension “whiplash” cause?

Answer 16

Hyperextension, or “whiplash” injury is common is automobile accidents and results in excessive stretching and even tearing of the Anterior Longitudinal L. A recoil effect can often result in a hyperflexion injury as well.

Question 17

Splinting of the neck with a fractured vertebrae?

Answer 17

The Anterior Longitudinal L. is important due to its possible splinting action that should be used whenever fracture of the vertebral column is suspected (except cervical fractures due to hyperextension). When a fracture of the vertebral column occurs, the patient should be kept in hyperextension at all times. The pull of the Anterior Longitudinal L. will help realign fragments of bone and keep further injury to the spinal cord from occurring.

Question 18

intertransverse L. throughout the spinal column

Answer 18

not well defined in the Cervical Region,

fibrous cords in the Thoracic Region,

thin membranes in the Lumbar Region

Question 19

Supraspinous L throughout the spinal column

Answer 19

travels on the dorsal surface of the Vertebral Spinous Processes, continues as the Ligamentum Nuchae in the Cervical Region

Question 20

What makes up intervertebral disks?

Answer 20

• Annulus Fibrosis (tough fibrous outer region, overlapping lamellae of Fibrocartilage)
• Nucleus Pulposus (soft gelatinous inner portion)

Question 21

Hernias in the spinal column

Answer 21

Herniation of the Nucleus Pulposus through the Annulus Fibrosis is a common cause of low back and lower limb pain. Herniation typically occurs posterolaterally where the Annulus Fibrosis receives no support from the Anterior and Posterior Longitudinal Ls. The Resultant bulge and compress Spinal Nerve Roots, the Cauda Equina and Spinal Nerves in the Vertebral Canal and Intervertebral Foramina respectively. Herniation is most common at L4/5 and L5/S1, where the Discs are much larger and therefore more mobile.

Question 22

second number rule

Answer 22

For the cervical and lumbar regions, the vertebral level at which the prolapse occurs will affect the spinal nerve with the second number designation. Example: A prolapse at C5/6 will affect spinal nerve 6 (which exits the column at C5/6). In the Cervical Region this is because the numbering system of Spinal Nerves in the Cervical Region (C1 Spinal Nerve coming out above C1 Vertebra and C2 Spinal Nerve coming out below C1 vertebra, resulting in 8 Cervical Spinal Nerves). However a prolapse at L4/5 will affect spinal nerve 5 (which exits at L5/S1). This is because lumbar spinal nerves exit the Vertebral Canal superior to the Intervertebral Disc, therefore herniation will not affect the nerve exiting at that level, but will affect the nerve one level inferior.

Question 23

atlantooccipital joint type

Answer 23

condyloid synovial joint (atlas and basilar occipital B.)

Question 24

Median atlantoaxial joint

Answer 24

Trochoid synovial joint; between the anterior facet of the Dens of the Axis and the articular facet for the dens on the Atlas

Question 25

Lateral atlantoaxial joint

Answer 25

Planar synovial joint; between Superior and Inferior Articulating processes of the Atlas and Axis

Question 26

Lumbosacral joint

Answer 26

Compound joint (Symphysis and Planar Synovial, between L5 and the Sacrum)

Question 27

What normal ligaments are absent in the lumbosacral joint? what is added?

Answer 27

• Interspinous L
• Intertransverse L
• supraspinous L

1. Iliolumbar L present
   
   1. Lumbosacral L