Lec 1-2

Question 1

Individuals of genetics for individuals

Answer 1

Impact our traits and who we are

Susceptibility to disease/disorders

Question 2

Importance of genetics for society

Answer 2

Food quality/supply

Drug development uses genetically engineered bacteria

Study of biology

Question 3

History of heredity and genetics

Answer 3

Humans have been using genetics for thousands of years, even without a complete understanding of genetic material or heredity

Question 4

Pangenesis

Answer 4

Each part of the body contains genetic info for only that particular part

Specific particles, called gemmules, carry info from parts of the body to reproductive organs

Then passed to the embryo at the moment of conception

Different parts of the body do express different genes

Question 5

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

Jean-Baptiste Lamark (1744-1829)

Answer 5

Traits acquired incorporated into hereditary information and passed on to offspring

Question 6

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

Jean-Baptiste Lamark (1744-1829)

Example

Answer 6

People who developed musical ability through study would produce children who were innately endowed with music ability

Question 7

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

Jean-Baptiste Lamark (1744-1829)

Problem

Answer 7

Disregard for the influence of early development, environment, diligent practice on ability

Question 8

Preformationism (17th-18th century)

Answer 8

Inside the egg or sperm exists a fully formed miniature adult

Simply enlarges throughout development

Offspring inherit solely from mother or father

Question 9

Preformationism

Problem

Answer 9

Counter to observations that individuals possess mixture of traits from both parents

Question 10

Blending inheritance

Answer 10

Traits of offspring are a blend of parental traits

Like colored paints

Question 11

Rise of the science of genetics started in the

Answer 11

19th century

Question 12

Disproving inheritance of acquired characteristics

August Weismann

Answer 12

Tested idea of inheritance of acquired characteristics by cutting off the tails of mice for 22 consecutive generations

This did not alter tail length in the mice

Thus no evidence supported inheritance of acquired characteristics

Question 13

August Weismann

Germ-plasm Theory

Answer 13

Cells in reproductive organs carry a complete set of genetic information that is passed to the egg and sperm

Question 14

Gregor Mendel

Answer 14

Discovered the basic principles of heredity by examining pea plants

Laid the foundation for our modern understanding of heredity

Question 15

Gregor Mendel

Basic Principles of heredity

Answer 15

The law of independent segregation

The law of independent assortment

The law of dominance

Question 16

The law of independent segregation

Answer 16

Each individual carries two copies of an inherited traits, which segregate equally in the following generation

Question 17

The law of independent assortment

Answer 17

Different inherited traits sort independently of one another

Question 18

The law of dominance

Answer 18

For a trait, one allele is dominant and appears in a 3:1 ratio

Identification of dominant and recessive genes

Question 19

What are the rules of heredity

Charles Darwin

Answer 19

Traits can be inherited

Variation of traits within the population exist

Offspring with traits that increase their probability of survival survive to reproduce

Put forth the theory of evolution through natural selection

Question 20

Charles Darwin: Evolution

Weakness

Answer 20

Lack of understanding of heredity

Was not aware of Mendel’s work

Question 21

Weissman’s Germ-Plasm theory and Mendel’s principles led to the discovery of

Answer 21

Something in sperm/egg that is heritable and control traits

Question 22

Insights about genetics came from

Answer 22

Cytology-study of cells

Question 23

Schleiden and Schwann Cell Theory

Answer 23

All life is composed of cells

The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms

New cells arise from pre-existing cells

Question 24

Discovery of the Nucleus and Chromosomes

Answer 24

Robert Brown described the cell nucleus

Question 25

Walther Flemming observed chromosomes/mitosis

Answer 25

Examined salamander embryos

Published description of mitosis

Solved the separation of chromosomes from mother to daughter cells

His observations that chromosomes double is significant to the later-discovered theory of inheritance

Question 26

Theodor Boveri and Walter Sutton (1888-1902) discoveries

Answer 26

Sperm and eggs contribute the same number of chromosomes

Behavior of chromosomes (highly organized, appear the same in daughter cells, and doubles before cell division) during cell division can explain Mendel’s laws of inheritance

The Boveri-Sutton Chromosome Theory: Genes are located on chromosomes

Question 27

Drosophila (fruit fly) Genetics and Thomas Morgan (1910)

Mechanism of Mendalian Heredity (1915)

Answer 27

Linked the heritable information for eye color to X sex chromosome- first sex linked trait

Discrete pairs of factors located on chromosomes bear hereditary information

Thus, linking traits to chromosomes, confirming Mendel’s laws of inheritance and Sutton Chromosomal Theory that the heritable information is present in chromosomes

Question 28

James Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins

Answer 28

Described DNA in 1953 as inherited material