lec 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Rheumatic fever Definition

A

acute inflammatory disease
immunologically
multisystem

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2
Q

Rheumatic fever متى ببلش

A

few weeks after an episode of group A streptococcal pharyngitis

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3
Q

Rheumatic fever نسبة الناس يلي بصير عندهم

A

3% of infected patients with streptococcal pharyngitis

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4
Q

Etiology of Rheumatic fever

A

Group A β-hemolytic streptococcal infections( pharyngitis or skin)

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5
Q

Rheumatic fever occurs mainly among

A

children (most often) and adolescents but may be seen in adults (20%)

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6
Q

Mortality of Rheumatic fever

A

less than 1%

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7
Q

Acute rheumatic fever is

A

hypersensitivity reaction

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8
Q

endothelium is

A

valvular self antigen

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9
Q

myosin

A

myocardial self antigen

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10
Q

M proteins) cross-react with

A
  1. myosin

2. endothelium

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11
Q

antibodies and CD4+ T cells directed against

A

group A streptococcal molecules (M proteins)

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12
Q

Pathogenesis of Antibody

A

activate complement →recruit Fc-receptor bearing cells ( e.g neutrophils and macrophages)

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13
Q

Pathogenesis of CD 4 +T cells

A

Stimulated CD 4 +T cells cytokine
production macrophage activation ( seen
within Aschoff bodies).

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14
Q

clinical signs of acute carditis

A

– pericardial friction rub (by auscultation)
– arrhythmias (ECG)
– myocarditis , if sever cardiac dilation →
functional mitral insufficiency CHF.

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15
Q

Laboratory tests

A

• ↑White blood cell count
•↑ ESR, CRP, Ferritin
• Serum titers of antibodies against one or
more streptococcal antigens (ASO) usually are
elevated.
• cultures for streptococci are ?? negative

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16
Q

cultures for streptococci are

A

negative

17
Q

antibodies against one or more streptococcal antigens

A

ASO) usually are elevated.

18
Q

Diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever is made based on

A

serologic elevated ASO titer+ Jones criteria

19
Q

Jones criteria

A

– Carditis
– Migratory polyarthritis of large joints
– Subcutaneous nodules
– Erythematous annular rash (erythema marginatum) in the skin
– Sydenham chorea, a neurologic disorder characterized by involuntary purposeless, rapid movements

20
Q

minor criteria

A

– fever
– arthralgia
– elevated blood levels of acute phase reactants.

21
Q

Morphology

A
discrete inflammatory foci 
 Anitschkow cells
Aschoff bodies
Pancarditis Pancarditis morphological features:
– The pericardium
22
Q

( pathognomonic for rheumatic fever )

A

Aschoff bodies

23
Q

Anitschkow cells

A

activated macrophages

24
Q

Anitschkow cells morphology

A

have abundant
cytoplasm and nuclei with chromatin that is centrally condensed into a slender, wavy ribbon (so-called “caterpillar cells”)

25
Q

Pancarditis morphological features:

– The pericardium

A

fibrinous exudate, which generally resolves without sequelae مضاعفات

26
Q

Pancarditis morphological features ;

The myocardial

A

Aschoff bodies within the interstitial connective tissue

27
Q

Pancarditis morphological features:

endocardium

A

Valve involvement results in fibrinoid necrosis and fibrin deposition
vegetations—verrucae—that cause little disturbance in cardiac
function

28
Q

(Aschoff bodies can be found in

A

any of the three layers of the heart)

29
Q

chronic rheumatic carditis (RHD) بسبب

A

Initial attack→ generation of immunologic

memory→ reactivation with any subsequent streptococcal infection

30
Q

chronic rheumatic carditis (RHD) اكتر جزء بنصاب

A

Valvular disease تحديدا mitral valves

31
Q

in Chronic rheumatic heart disease Valve cusps and leaflets become permanently

A

thickened and retracted.

32
Q

Chronic rheumatic heart disease is

characterized by

A
acute inflammation (Aschoff bodies) and 
subsequent (fibrosis) scarring
33
Q

Morphology of CRHD

A

Neovascularization and diffuse fibrosis

Fibrous bridging

34
Q

Fibrous bridging across the valvular commissures and calcification create

A

fishmouth” or “buttonhole” stenoses.

35
Q

the mitral valves exhibit

A

leaflet thickening,
– commissural fusion and shortening,
– thickening and fusion of the chordae tendineae .

36
Q

The most important functional consequence of rheumatic heart disease is

A

valvular stenosis (mainly) and regurgitation

37
Q

Which valves stenosis

A

mitral valve alone is involved in 70% .
mitral and aortic 25%
tricuspid valve is less involved
the pulmonic valve almost always escapes injury

38
Q

Clinical Consequences

A

27+28