Learning Unit 3 Flashcards
Verbal and Non-Verbal communication
Define verbal communication
Through the use of written or spoken words
Intercultural communication
Non-native- not English mother tongue, structure sentences differently
Different use of same language, different popular sayings
Different world views- different perspective, individualist or collective or high or low context
Individualistic- unique, selfish, look after themselves and family, to the point, direct, Australia
Collective- unity, less selfish, protect groups, round the bush, don’t offend, africa
Low context- direct, verbal, in mesage, little on context
High context- indirect, verbal, contradict message, heavy on context
Denotative vs connotative
D- dictionary meaning, death means dead
C- personal association, death means tired
Language problems
Vagueness- illogical flow (think other person knows what we are talking about), ambiguity ( interpreted in many ways), abstract language (not literal)
In-group talk- specific to a group, slang, jargon
Generalisations- generalize individual to group
Labelling- call someone something to belittle
Marking- description to someone, nothing to do with topic
Gossip- revealing personal information that doesn’t concern them
Lying- deliberately creating a false impression, altruistic white lie: benefit others at your expense, pareto white lie: benefits both
Taboo language- unacceptable language in a social context, profane: blasphemy, vulgar: bad taste, culturally inappropriate: when and how topics can be discussed
Racist language- negative about certain ethnic group, appearance, culture or ability
Sexist language- one sex in a negative light
Define non-verbal communication
Any stimuli that conveys meaning without words, gestures, facial expressions etc, expresses emotions
Verbal and non verbal separate and interrelated
Seperate
NV- no words, expresses emotions better, sigh
V- spoken language, expresses information better, facts
Interrelated
Relationship between verbal and non verbal, complement and contradict, angry- scream and shake fist- complements
Functions of non-verbal communication
Accenting- emphasising v/nv communication- physr slam table or tone how loud you speak or pitch I am ANGRRYYYYYY
Complementing- v and nv support message
Substituting-non verbal rather than verbal, reluctant to express feelings, sad just nod
Contradicting- v and nv go against each other, believe nv over v
Regulating- continue conversation and control flow, smile or nod
Signs of Deception
Easy to deceive with words, actions give away Greater lag in response time Reduced eye contact More blinking Increased fidgeting Lip licking Unfilled pauses, seem to elaborate
Deal makers and deal breakers
M- show listening, lean towards employer, well groomed, appropriately dressed, stand tall and shoulders back, sincere smiles, hand gestures
B- looking around, cross your arms, body odours, inappropriate clothing, poor posture, yawning, look at watch/fidgeting, bad breath and messy hair
Symbolic interactionism
People get meanings through social interactions, people respond to things due to the meaning it holds for them. Symbolic: important values, beliefs and attitudes. How people create meaning and make sense of circumstances through interactions. How we interpret and respond.
I- impulsive and spontaneous
Me- based on expectations
I is the real you and me is appropriate for society
Discuss the expectancy violation theory
Non verbal behaviour and how it creates expectations, how we think people should and will behave based on rules formed by socialization that are culture and society specific
Appropriate vs non appropriate
Only become aware when violated
Violation valence- violation is positive or negative
Communicatior reward valence- if we feel positive or negative about the person who violated expectation
Types of non verbal communication
Kinesics- body language that occurs on an unconscious level and can be misinterpreted
Proxemics- study if space and how we use this to communicate, impacted by culture, age, gender, personality
Haptics- most intimate, touch, influenced by culture, gender, rules and norms, shows contact, develops physical and psychological wellness, promites encouragement, support and provides security
Chronemics- refers to time and the way perceive time, structure time and react to time, used to show importance of a relationship and communicates status, it is culture specific and there is formal and informal time
Paralanguage- judge people by their pitch fate and volume, provides us with information on their demographics
Kinesics
Physical appearance- shows social status, controllable by grooming, eating healthy, exercising nd clothing
Body types- endomorphs: soft and round, high fat, relaxed, good humoured, friendly, sociable and openly emotional, mesomorph: muscular and firm, risky, hot tempered, self confident, dominant and adventurous, ectomorphs: lean and tall, fragile, socially awkward, tense, introverted, self conscious
Posture- way we hold our body, varies per culture, status and gender, inclusive and non-inclusive, how much you acknowledge the presence of others, face to face or side by side
Congruence vs incongruence- imitate posture of people we like and don’t
Facial expressions- demographic and psychological information, is universal, expresses emotion and attitude, intensify, neutralize, underplay and mask an emotion
Eye movements- what we think and feel, culture specific, build interpersonal relationship, start or close information, reach a goal/action, signal status and emotional state
Pupil dilation- unable to control, dilate+, constrict-
Hand signals and gestures- differ from culture
Head movements- regulate conversations, upright neutral, tilted to side interested, lowered negative
Proxemics
Intimate- loved ones 0-45cm
Personal- you and others 45-1.2m
Social- business and social gatherings 1.2-3m
Public- formal 3m+
Territorality- need to possess, occupy and use space. Primary- have control over, secondary- with a particular person, public- available to all, temporarily occupy space
Central markers- reserve territory, boundary- set boundary dividing territories like a gate, ear- personalise territory
Seating arrangements- communicates status, culture, gender and tradition. Round- informal and relaxed, rectangular-head of table hierarchical, square equality
Chronemics
Monochronic- irreversible, scarce
Polychronic- holistic, less tangible
Haptics
Positive affect- show positive qualities like love
Playful- playful affection
Control- to emphasize, get attention and obtain compliance
Ritualistic- introduction like hand shakes
Hybrid- ritualistic and positive affect mixed
Task related- part of profession like doctor
Accidental- unintentional
Paralanguage
Volume- how loud/soft, varies on subject, culture and situation, emphasise words, influenced by culture, attract/not attract attention, provide information about demographics
Rate of speech- speed of spoken words, talk fast confuses and shows excited, talk slow unfair judgement and lack of confidence, influenced by culture
Fluency- flow of speech, not fluent seen as stressed, nervous or lacking intelligence, non natives might come across like this, influences credibility
Pitch- high or low voice, varies with emotional state and behaviour
Silence- agreement/disagreement, allows preparation to communicate, signify important communication to follow, seen as rude/socially awkward, influenced by culture
Accent- way words are said, vary according to ethnicity, age, nature of speaker and residence, judge intelligence
