Learning theories Flashcards
S-R Bonds:
(Stimulus-Response Bond):
> Response is stored in long term memory
> When a specific stimulus is presented, the appropriate response is triggered
> Bond can be strengthened so that decision making is improved and performer can initiate response quicker
> Stronger bond = Habitual skill
Classical Conditioning: (Pavlov)
> An association is formed between 2 unrelated stimuli
A conditioned stimulus creates a conditioned response over time, repetition, and practice
e.g. Rugby penalty - whistle blown, players retreat 10m
Operant Conditioning: (Skinner)
> When the correct response to a stimulus is rewarded, reinforcing it
Behaviour is shaped by the coach
> Learner is given a task with a set goal
If the goal is achieved - they receive a reward
The learner is encouraged
S-R Bond is strengthened
Goal is more likely to be achieved
Positive Reinforcement:
When the correct response is given, the performer is given praise or a reward
PR -Vicarious learning:
> Performer is shown a video of themself or someone significant performing the skill correctly
PR - Verbal praise:
> Coach (etc) verbally praises the performer when they perform correctly
PR - Tangible rewards:
> Performer is given something (sweets, money) after positive performance
Negative Reinforcement:
The removal of unpleasant consequences by coaches when the correct technique is shown
e.g. Football coach shouting at players from the sidelines until their performance improves
Punishment Reinforcement:
Used when the action performed is undesirable
e.g. Footballer being taken off for poor performance / running laps during training
Thorndike’s Law of Readiness:
The athlete must be both mentally and physically ready capable of performing the skill efficiently
Thorndike’s Law of Readiness: Implications
> Nervous system must be sufficiently mature to allow for S-R bonds to be made
Basic skills must be learned before complex ones
Muscular and skeletal strength
Mental preparation and motivation
Thorndike’s Law of Readiness: Examples
e.g.
Gymnast - skill on floor - skill on beam: builds confidence, reduces risk
Triple jump - run, hop, skip, jump: mastered separately before connected
Coach must know:
> Performer ability
> Methods of practice
Thorndike’s Law of Effect:
If the response gives the learner satisfaction - their learning is strengthened (positive reaction = stronger S-R bonds)
Thorndike’s Law of Effect: Implications
(Trial and Error)
> Positive response - response repeated
> Negative response - response altered
> Bad habits can be developed if appropriate feedback is given
Thorndike’s Law of Effect: Examples
Penalty (football):
> Scored - praise - S-R bond strengthened
> Missed - negative reinforcement - technique adjusted - S-R bond strengthened in practice
