Learning objectives 4

Question 1

State the Modern Cell Theory and discuss its development.

Answer 1

The modern cell theory states that cells are the basis of all life. All cells only come from other cells (the principle of biogenesis). Cells are the fundamental units of structure and function in organisms. We are alive because we are made of cells.

Question 2

Describe cell shapes from their descriptive terms

Question 3

Discuss factors that limit cell size.

Question 4

Explain how advances in microscopy have led to a better understanding of cell structure.

Question 5

Draw a typical animal cell, and label its components.

Question 6

Describe the structural components of the plasma membrane, and state their functions.

Answer 6

Phospholipid bilayer: hydrophilic phosphate heads bound to hydrophobic lipid tails.
Integral and peripheral proteins

Question 7

Distinguish between integral and peripheral proteins, and state their functions.

Answer 7

Integral proteins: span the length of the bilayer. They allow for selective permeability of the membrane.
Peripheral proteins: are attached to one side of the bilayer and do not span its length. Function as cell identification

Question 8

Describe the components and functions of the cytoskeleton.

Question 9

Describe the composition and functions of the glycocalyx.

Question 10

Describe the structure and functions of microvilli, cilia, and flagella.

Question 11

Distinguish between membranous and non-membranous organelles, provide examples of each.

Answer 11

Membranous:
Non-membranous:

Question 12

Describe the structure and functions of the following organelles: nucleus, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi complex, mitochondria, centrioles, peroxisomes, lysosomes.

Answer 12

Nucleus:
Smooth ER:
Rough ER:
Ribosomes:
Golgi:
Mitochondria:
Centrioles:
Peroxisomes:
Lysosomes:

Question 13

Contrast the differences between organelles and inclusions, provide some examples of inclusions.

Answer 13

Organelles:
Inclusions:

Question 14

Define the following terms: cytoplasm, cytosol, extra cellular fluid.

Answer 14

Cytoplasm:
Cytosol:
Extracellular fluid:

Question 15

Describe G1, S and G2 of the typical “cell cycle”.

Answer 15

G1:
S:
G2:

Question 16

Describe the following stages of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and the process of cytokinesis.

Answer 16

Prophase:
Metaphase:
Anaphase:
Telophase:
Cytokinesis:

Question 17

Define diffusion

Answer 17

Diffusion is the movement of a substance across a membrane down its concentration gradient.

Question 18

Define osmosis. Explain why osmosis is considered a specific type of diffusion.

Answer 18

Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane.

Question 19

Define the words, isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic

Answer 19

Isotonic:
Hypertonic:
Hypotonic:

Question 20

Define filtration

Question 21

Define facilitated diffusion. Define active transport. Explain the difference between symport and antiport membrane carriers.

Answer 21

Facilitated diffusion:
Active transport:

Question 22

Define bulk transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis.

Answer 22

Bulk transport:
Endocytosis:
Exocytosis:

Question 23

Define the following terms: (a) phagocytosis and (b) pinocytosis. Explain the steps involved in (a) phagocytosis and (b) pinocytosis

Answer 23

Phagocytosis:
Pinocytosis: