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A&P 1 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

Tissues

1
Q

What are adipocytes?

A

lipid (fat) storage cells

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2
Q

What is adipose tissue?

A

specialized areolar tissue rich in stored fat

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3
Q

What is an anchoring junction?

A

mechanically attaches adjacent cells to each other or to the basement membrane

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4
Q

What is the apical surface?

A

that part of a cell or tissue which, in general, faces an open space

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5
Q

What is an apocrine secretion?

A

release of a substance along with the apical portion of the cell

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6
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death

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7
Q

What is areolar tissue?

A

(also, loose connective tissue) a type of connective tissue proper that shows little specialization with cells dispersed in the matrix

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8
Q

What is an astrocyte?

A

star-shaped cell in the central nervous system that regulates ions and uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters and contributes to the formation of the blood-brain barrier

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9
Q

What is atrophy?

A

loss of mass and function

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10
Q

What is the basal lamina?

A

thin extracellular layer that lies underneath epithelial cells and separates them from other tissues

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11
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

in epithelial tissue, a thin layer of fibrous material that anchors the epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue; made up of the basal lamina and reticular lamina

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12
Q

What is cardiac muscle?

A

heart muscle, under involuntary control, composed of striated cells that attach to form fibers, each cell contains a single nucleus, contracts autonomously

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13
Q

What is a cell junction?

A

point of cell-to-cell contact that connects one cell to another in a tissue

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14
Q

What are chondrocytes?

A

cells of the cartilage

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15
Q

What is clotting?

A

also called coagulation; complex process by which blood components form a plug to stop bleeding

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16
Q

What is collagen fiber?

A

flexible fibrous proteins that give connective tissue tensile strength

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17
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

type of tissue that serves to hold in place, connect, and integrate the body’s organs and systems

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18
Q

What is the connective tissue membrane?

A

connective tissue that encapsulates organs and lines movable joints

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19
Q

What is connective tissue proper?

A

connective tissue containing a viscous matrix, fibers, and cells.

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20
Q

What is a cutaneous membrane?

A

skin; epithelial tissue made up of a stratified squamous epithelial cells that cover the outside of the body

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21
Q

What is dense connective tissue?

A

connective tissue proper that contains many fibers that provide both elasticity and protection

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22
Q

What is the ectoderm?

A

outermost embryonic germ layer from which the epidermis and the nervous tissue derive

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23
Q

What is elastic cartilage?

A

type of cartilage, with elastin as the major protein, characterized by rigid support as well as elasticity

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24
Q

What is elastic fiber?

A

fibrous protein within connective tissue that contains a high percentage of the protein elastin that allows the fibers to stretch and return to original size

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25
Q

What is an endocrine gland?

A

groups of cells that release chemical signals into the intercellular fluid to be picked up and transported to their target organs by blood

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26
Q

What is the endoderm?

A

innermost embryonic germ layer from which most of the digestive system and lower respiratory system derive

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27
Q

What is the endothelium?

A

tissue that lines vessels of the lymphatic and cardiovascular system, made up of a simple squamous epithelium

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28
Q

What is the epithelial membrane?

A

epithelium attached to a layer of connective tissue

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29
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

type of tissue that serves primarily as a covering or lining of body parts, protecting the body; it also functions in absorption, transport, and secretion

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30
Q

What is an exocrine gland?

A

group of epithelial cells that secrete substances through ducts that open to the skin or to internal body surfaces that lead to the exterior of the body

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31
Q

What is a fibroblast?

A

most abundant cell type in connective tissue, secretes protein fibers and matrix into the extracellular space

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32
Q

What is fibrocartilage?

A

tough form of cartilage, made of thick bundles of collagen fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate ground substance

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33
Q

What is a fibrocyte?

A

less active form of fibroblast

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34
Q

What is fluid connective tissue?

A

specialized cells that circulate in a watery fluid containing salts, nutrients, and dissolved proteins

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35
Q

What is a gap junction?

A

allows cytoplasmic communications to occur between cells

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36
Q

What is a goblet cell?

A

unicellular gland found in columnar epithelium that secretes mucous

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37
Q

What is a ground substance?

A

fluid or semi-fluid portion of the matrix

38
Q

What is a histamine?

A

chemical compound released by mast cells in response to injury that causes vasodilation and endothelium permeability

39
Q

What is histology?

A

microscopic study of tissue architecture, organization, and function

40
Q

What is a holocrine secretion?

A

release of a substance caused by the rupture of a gland cell, which becomes part of the secretion

41
Q

What is hyaline cartilage?

A

most common type of cartilage, smooth and made of short collagen fibers embedded in a chondroitin sulfate ground substance

42
Q

What is inflammation?

A

response of tissue to injury

43
Q

What are lacunae?

A

(singular = lacuna) small spaces in bone or cartilage tissue that cells occupy

44
Q

What is the lamina propria?

A

areolar connective tissue underlying a mucous membrane

45
Q

What is loose connective tissue?

A

(also, areolar tissue) type of connective tissue proper that shows little specialization with cells dispersed in the matrix

46
Q

What is a matrix?

A

extracellular material which is produced by the cells embedded in it, containing ground substance and fibers

47
Q

What is a merocrine secretion?

A

release of a substance from a gland via exocytosis

48
Q

What is a mesenchymal cell?

A

adult stem cell from which most connective tissue cells are derived

49
Q

What is a mesenchyme?

A

embryonic tissue from which connective tissue cells derive

50
Q

What is the mesoderm?

A

middle embryonic germ layer from which connective tissue, muscle tissue, and some epithelial tissue derive

51
Q

What is the mesothelium?

A

simple squamous epithelial tissue which covers the major body cavities and is the epithelial portion of serous membranes

52
Q

What is mucous connective tissue?

A

specialized loose connective tissue present in the umbilical cord

53
Q

What is a mucous gland?

A

group of cells that secrete mucous, a thick, slippery substance that keeps tissues moist and acts as a lubricant

54
Q

What is the mucous membrane?

A

tissue membrane that is covered by protective mucous and lines tissue exposed to the outside environment

55
Q

What is muscle tissue?

A

type of tissue that is capable of contracting and generating tension in response to stimulation; produces movement.

56
Q

What is myelin?

A

layer of lipid inside some neuroglial cells that wraps around the axons of some neurons

57
Q

What is a myocyte?

A

muscle cells

58
Q

What is necrosis?

A

accidental death of cells and tissues

59
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A

type of tissue that is capable of sending and receiving impulses through electrochemical signals.

60
Q

What are neuroglia?

A

supportive neural cells

61
Q

What is a neuron?

A

excitable neural cell that transfer nerve impulses

62
Q

What is a oligodendrocyte?

A

neuroglial cell that produces myelin in the brain

63
Q

What are parenchyma?

A

functional cells of a gland or organ, in contrast with the supportive or connective tissue of a gland or organ

64
Q

What is a primary union?

A

condition of a wound where the wound edges are close enough to be brought together and fastened if necessary, allowing quicker and more thorough healing

65
Q

What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

tissue that consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells that give the appearance of multiple layers; found in ducts of certain glands and the upper respiratory tract

66
Q

What is reticular fiber?

A

fine fibrous protein, made of collagen subunits, which cross-link to form supporting “nets” within connective tissue

67
Q

What is reticular lamina?

A

matrix containing collagen and elastin secreted by connective tissue; a component of the basement membrane

68
Q

What is reticular tissue?

A

type of loose connective tissue that provides a supportive framework to soft organs, such as lymphatic tissue, spleen, and the liver

69
Q

What is a Schwann cell?

A

neuroglial cell that produces myelin in the peripheral nervous system

70
Q

What is a secondary union?

A

wound healing facilitated by wound contraction

71
Q

What is a serous gland?

A

group of cells within the serous membrane that secrete a lubricating substance onto the surface

72
Q

What is the serous membrane?

A

type of tissue membrane that lines body cavities and lubricates them with serous fluid

73
Q

What is a simple columnar epithelium?

A

tissue that consists of a single layer of column-like cells; promotes secretion and absorption in tissues and organs

74
Q

What is a simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

tissue that consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells; promotes secretion and absorption in ducts and tubules

75
Q

What is a simple squamous epithelium?

A

tissue that consists of a single layer of flat scale-like cells; promotes diffusion and filtration across surface

76
Q

What is skeletal muscle?

A

usually attached to bone, under voluntary control, each cell is a fiber that is multinucleated and striated

77
Q

What is smooth muscle?

A

under involuntary control, moves internal organs, cells contain a single nucleus, are spindle-shaped, and do not appear striated; each cell is a fiber

78
Q

What is stratified columnar epithelium?

A

tissue that consists of two or more layers of column-like cells, contains glands and is found in some ducts

79
Q

What is stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A

tissue that consists of two or more layers of cube-shaped cells, found in some ducts

80
Q

What is stratified squamous epithelium?

A

tissue that consists of multiple layers of cells with the most apical being flat scale-like cells; protects surfaces from abrasion

81
Q

What is striation?

A

alignment of parallel actin and myosin filaments which form a banded pattern

82
Q

What is supportive connective tissue?

A

type of connective tissue that provides strength to the body and protects soft tissue

83
Q

What is the synovial membrane?

A

connective tissue membrane that lines the cavities of freely movable joints, producing synovial fluid for lubrication

84
Q

What is a tight junction?

A

forms an impermeable barrier between cells

85
Q

What is a tissue?

A

group of cells that are similar in form and perform related functions

86
Q

What is the tissue membrane?

A

thin layer or sheet of cells that covers the outside of the body, organs, and internal cavities

87
Q

What is totipotent?

A

embryonic cells that have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell and organ in the body

88
Q

What is transitional epithelium?

A

form of stratified epithelium found in the urinary tract, characterized by an apical layer of cells that change shape in response to the presence of urine

89
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

widening of blood vessels

90
Q

What is wound contraction?

A

process whereby the borders of a wound are physically drawn together

A&P 1 (14 decks)

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