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A&P 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

Study of the body’s form and composition structures and how they relate to one another - “to cut apart”

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2
Q

What is gross anatomy?

A

The study of large structures without the use of a microscope

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3
Q

What is microscopic anatomy?

A

Study of structures needing magnification

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4
Q

What is surface anatomy?

A

Study of structures on the surface of the body, visible to the naked eye and can be palpated

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5
Q

What is regional anatomy?

A

Study of structures and their interrelationships in a specific area/cavity

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6
Q

What is cytology?

A

The study of cells and their associated physiology

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7
Q

What is histology?

A

The study of structures and their associated physiology

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8
Q

What is systemic anatomy?

A

Study of structures that make up a discrete body system with a common major function

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9
Q

What is physiology?

A

Study of the chemistry and physics of the body’s structures, and how they support life functions

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10
Q

What are cells?

A

Smallest independent functioning unit of life. Where functions are performed or initiated.

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11
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things. The state of dynamic equilibrium made possible by the body’s ability to detect change, and to respond to that change. A manifestation of irritability and responsiveness.

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12
Q

What are tissues?

A

A group of same/similar cells that work to perform a function

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13
Q

What is an organ?

A

An anatomically distinct structure made up of at least 2 types of tissues that performs a common physiological function

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14
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Two or more organs that work together to perform functions, connected either anatomically or physiologically

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15
Q

What is an organism?

A

Independently functioning living being

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16
Q

What is developmental anatomy?

A

Study of changes in structures that occur over time

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17
Q

What is the principle of complementality?

A

Structure reflects function and function reflects structure

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18
Q

What is structural hierarchy?

A
  1. Chemical level
  2. Cellular level
  3. Tissue level
  4. Organ level
  5. Organ system level
  6. Organismal level
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19
Q

What are the common characteristics of life?

A
  1. All life as we know it has a cellular basis
  2. Maintenance of boundaries
  3. Movement
  4. Growth and development
  5. Reproduction
  6. Irritability and responsiveness
  7. Digestion
  8. Excretion
  9. Organization
  10. Metabolism
20
Q

What is cell theory?

A

All organisms are made up of cells and cell products. The cell is the basic unit of life. All structure and function of organisms is dependent upon structure and function of cells. All cells arise from other cells.

21
Q

What is maintenance of boundaries?

A

Barriers from environmental factors. Internal - plasma membranes. External - skin

22
Q

What is growth?

A

Getting larger over time

23
Q

What is development?

A

Changes that occur over time/as we age

24
Q

What is reproduction?

A

Process by which new organisms are created

25
Q

What is digestion?

A

Breaking down of nutrients from food into usable compounds

26
Q

What is excretion?

A

Consequential removal of wastes

27
Q

What is organization?

A

Compartments keep body’s cells separated from external environments and keep the cells moist and nourished.

28
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all anabolic and catabolic chemical reactions that take place in the body. Responsible for body temperature.

29
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Larger more complex substances are broken down into simpler molecules. It releases energy.

30
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Smaller, simpler molecules are combined into larger, more complex substances. Utilizes energy derived from food.

31
Q

What is irritability and responsiveness?

A

Ability of an organism to adjust to internal and external environments.

32
Q

What is movement?

A

Motion of organs and cells to carry out actions of daily live. Cellular and organismal.

33
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function

34
Q

What are the requirements for human life?

A
  1. Oxygen
  2. Nutrients
  3. Narrow range of temperature
  4. Narrow range of atmospheric pressure
35
Q

What is a set point?

A

Physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates

36
Q

What is normal range?

A

Set of values that is optimally healthy and stable

37
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Mechanism that reverses a deviation from the set point. Negative effect on the stimulus

38
Q

What is a receptor (sensor)?

A

A structure that is sensitive to a specific stimulus. Reports a monitored physiological value to the control center.

39
Q

What is the control center?

A

Compares value to normal range and processes the change. If value deviates too much it activates the effector. Not needed if a receptor is specific to the change needed.

40
Q

What is an effector?

A

Carries out the response to the stimulus (change).

41
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Intensifies body’s physiological response to a stimulus rather than reversing it. Normal only when there is a definite endpoint

42
Q

What is the efferent pathway?

A

The pathway that goes to the effector

43
Q

What is the afferent pathway?

A

The pathway that goes to the receptor

44
Q

What is a gland?

A

A structure that secretes substances that intentionally manufactures the substance/chemical and releases it.

45
Q

What is an endocrine gland?

A

Releases its substance into the interstitial space and enters into the blood vessels to be transported throughout the body

46
Q

What is an exocrine gland?

A

Secrets its substance into a duct or tube which opens up into a body cavity or onto the surface of the body

A&P 1 (14 decks)

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