Learning objectives 1 Flashcards
Human Body: Orientation and Homeostasis
List and briefly describe the following branches of the science of biology and their origins: anatomy, gross anatomy, comparative anatomy, cytology, histology, physiology, and biochemistry.
Anatomy: the study of structures of the body and their form and function. “to cut apart”
Gross anatomy: the study of structures that are visible without magnification. Also called macroanatomy.
Comparative anatomy: the study of how body’s structures relate to each other in form and function
Cytology: the study of cells and their associated physiology
Histology: the study of structures and their associated physiology
Physiology: The study of the chemistry, physics and biochemistry of the body’s structures, and how they support life functions.
Biochemistry: explores the chemistry of living organisms and the molecular basis for the changes occurring in living cells
Name and define 10 characteristics (qualities) of life.
- Cellular basis: All life as we know it has a cellular basis. A cell is the smallest independent functioning unit of life, where functions are performed and initiated
- Maintenance of boundaries: the upkeep of barriers from environmental factors.
- Growth and development: the tendency of an organism to increase in size (grow) and change (develop) over time.
- Reproduction: the process by which organisms are created by parent organisms.
- Digestion: the process by which nutrients from food are broken down in the body into usable compounds.
- Excretion: the consequential removal of wastes from the body.
- Organization: compartments keep the body’s cells separated from external environments and keep the cells moist and nourished.
- Metabolism: the sum of all anabolic and catabolic chemical reactions that take place in the body. It is responsible for the body’s temperature.
- Irritability and responsiveness: the ability of an organism to adjust to changes and stimuli from internal and external environments
- Movement: the motion of organs and cells to carry out actions of daily life, both cellular and organismal.
Describe the levels of organization of matter in the universe with at least 2 specific examples for each level.
- Chemical level - subatomic particles, molecules, elements
- Cellular level - red blood cells, white blood cells, nerve cells, muscle cells
- Tissue level - connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue
- Organ level - heart, lungs, stomach, brain
- Organ system level - integumentary, lymphatic, endocrine, digestive, muscular, skeletal, nervous, reproductive, circulatory, cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary
- Organismal level - humans, animals
Define the following anatomical terms: (a) anterior, (b) posterior, (c) superior, (d) inferior, (e)
dorsal,(f) ventral, (g) medial, (h) lateral, (i) proximal (j) distal, (k) superficial, (l) deep.
A. anterior - towards the front
B. posterior - towards the back
C. Superior - above or higher, towards the head
D. Inferior - below or lower, towards the tail
E. Dorsal - towards the back
F. Ventral - towards the front
G. Medial - towards the midline of the body
H. Lateral - towards the side of the body
I. Proximal - nearer to the point of attachment to the body
J. Distal - further away from the point of attachment to the body
K. Superficial - close to the surface of the body
L. Deep - further from the body’s surface
Explain how the body or an organ is cut in each of the following planes: longitudinal, sagittal, mid-sagittal, frontal (coronal), transverse (cross-sectional).
Longitudinal: cut lengthwise along the line of the long axis of a body or one of its constituent parts
Sagittal: A vertical plane running from front to back; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides
Mid-sagittal: sagittal plane that runs directly down the midline of the body
Frontal (coronal): divides the body into the front (anterior) and back (posterior) sections
Transverse (cross-sectional): divides the body into superior and inferior (head and tail) portions. It is typically a horizontal plane through the center of the body and is parallel to the ground
Describe the quadrants of the human abdomen and the organs underlying each quadrant.
Right upper quadrant: Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Right Kidney, Right Adrenal Gland
Left upper quadrant: Spleen, Stomach, Pancreas, Liver, Large Intestine, Small intestine, Left Kidney, Left Adrenal Gland
right lower quadrant: Small intestine, Caecum, Appendix, Large Intestine, Right Ureter, Right Ovary and Fallopian tube (in females), Right Spermatic cord (in males)
left lower quadrant: Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, Left Ureter, Left Ovary and Fallopian tube (in females), Left Spermatic cord (in males)
List all the cavities within the dorsal cavity of the human body and all the organs in those cavities.
Spinal (vertebral) cavity: brain
Cranial cavity: spinal cord
List all the cavities within the ventral cavity of the human body and all the organs in those cavities.
Thoracic: heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea and thymus
Abdominal: stomach, duodenum (first part), jejunum, ileum, liver, gallbladder, the tail of the pancreas, spleen, and the transverse colon
Pelvic: bladder, uterus, ovaries, testes
Define the location of the following serous membranes: parietal and visceral membranes
Parietal: serous membrane that lines the body’s cavities.
Visceral: serous membranes that line the outer part of the organs within the body cavity
Serous membrane: a smooth tissue membrane of mesothelium
Name all the organ systems of the human body and state their main functions.
Integumentary: encloses internal structures and contains sensory receptors
Skeletal: provides support, enables movement
Muscular: temperature maintenance, enables movement
Nervous: sensory detection and processing, activates responses to stimuli
Endocrine: secretes hormones
Cardiovascular: circulates oxygen and nutrients to tissues, equalizes temperature
Lymphatic: returns fluid to blood, defends against pathogens
Respiratory: removes carbon dioxide, delivers oxygen to the blood
Digestive: processes food for use, removes waste
Urinary: removes waste from the blood, controls water balance
Reproductive: produces sex hormones and gametes, supports embryo and fetus and produces milk (female)
Review principles of the metric system
Giga (G) - 10^9 = one billion = 1,000,000,000
Mega (M) - 10^6 = one million = 1,000,000
Kilo (K) - 10^3 = one thousand = 1,000
Hecto (H) - 10^2 = one hundred = 100
Deka (D) - 10^1 = ten = 10
Gram/Meter/Liter - 10^0 = base
deci (d) - 10^-1 = one tenth = 1/10 = .1
centi (c)- 10^-2 = one hundredth = 1/100 = .01
milli (m) - 10^-3 = one thousandth = 1/1,000 = .001
micro (μ) - 10^-6 = one millionth = 1/1,000,000 = .000001
nano (n) - 10^-9 = one billionth = 1/1,000,00,000 = .000000001
Define the following terms: homeostasis, negative feedback and positive feedback
Homeostasis: the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things. The state of dynamic equilibrium made possible by the body’s ability to detect and respond to change.
Negative feedback: the mechanism that reverses a deviation from the set point, has a negative (opposite) effect on the stimulus.
Positive feedback: the mechanism that intensifies the body’s physiological response to a stimulus, rather than reversing it. normal only when it has a set end point
Explain how homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback mechanisms using 3 different examples from the human body.
Sweating - when the body detects an increase in temperature, it secrets sweat to cool down.
Shivering - when the body decets a decrease in temperature, it signals muscles to shake (shiver) to warm it up.
Hyperglycemia - when the body detects that blood glucose is too high, it will signal the secretion of insulin into the blood to bind excess glucose and that will be transformed and stored as glucagon.
Describe two examples of positive feedback from the human body
- Labor: muscle contractions in the uterus stimulate an increasing amount of contractions to facilitate birth.
- Blood loss:
Identify the following microscope parts: light source, stage, condenser, iris diaphragm & diaphragm lever, objective & ocular lenses, coarse adjustment, fine adjustment & body tube.
