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Neuroscience > Learning, memory and cognition > Flashcards

Learning, memory and cognition Flashcards

1
Q

how can memory be split into categories

A

short term/long term
long term - explicit/implicit
explicit - episodic / somatic
implicit - procedural, priming, classical conditioning, non associative learning

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2
Q

Declarative memory can be split into

A

episodic and semantic

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3
Q

episodic memory

A

memories of specific events (wedding)

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4
Q

semantic memories

A

knowledge of facts about the world
derived from episodic memory

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5
Q

what are non declarative/ implicit memories divided into

A

procedural
primming
classical conditioning
non associative learning

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6
Q

what is procedural memory

A

how to do things (juggling)

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7
Q

what is priming memory

A

exposure to ones stimulus influences a response to subsequent stimulus

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8
Q

what is classical conditioning

A

pairing of stimulus response associations
(pavlova dog - food and bell)

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9
Q

non associative learning

A

habituation or sensitisation
alter response to stimulus without association if it causes positive or negative outcomes

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10
Q

habituation

A

over time will stop responding to repeated sequence

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11
Q

sensitisation

A

over time a repeated sequence will make you more sensitive to one sequence

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12
Q

what part of CNS is associated with explicit memory

A

medial temporal lobe
diencephalon
association cortices

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13
Q

what part of CNS is associated with procedural memory

A

striatum

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14
Q

what part of CNS is associated with priming memory

A

cortex

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15
Q

what part of CNS is associated with classical conditioning memory

A

amygdala and cerebellum

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16
Q

what part of CNS is associated with non associative learning

A

reflex pathways

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17
Q

what part of CNS is associated with non associative learning

A

reflex pathways

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18
Q

where is the hub for declarative memory

A

the hippocampus

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19
Q

where is the hippocampus

A

medial temporal lobes in primates

20
Q

inputs to the hippocampus

A

mainly from structure in the parahippocampal gyrus (entorhnal cortex)

21
Q

outputs of the hippocampus

A

entorhinal cortex
fornix

22
Q

circuitry of the hippocampus - pathways

A

commissural pathway
Schaffer collateral pathway
mossy fibre pathway
prefroant pathway

23
Q

circuitry of the hippocampus steps

A
  • Excitatory neurons in entrotianal cortex send axons to the dentate gyrus (granual cells)
  • Via perferent pathway
  • Then send own axons to CA3
  • Via mossy fibre pathway
  • Excitatory neurons in CA3 then send axons to CA1 of hippocampus
  • Schaffer collateral pathway mediates this
  • Via structure called fimbria
  • CA1 also receive inputs from contralateral CA3 (opposite side of the brain)
  • Mediated by pathway = commissural pathway
    Out of hippocampus into cortex
24
Q

fimbria

A

becomes continuous with crus (elongation) of the fornix - units to form body of fornix

Neurons in CA3 project axons out the hippocampus through fimbria

25
Q

fornix

A

connects hippocampus to maxillary bodies

26
Q

hippocampal commissure

A

hippocampal fibres cross between 2 hippocampi

27
Q

function of parahippocampal cortex

A

the site of convergence of cortical input
- information relayed to the hippocampus where associations formed
- information output from the hippocampus back to parahippocampal cortex.

28
Q

cortico hippocampal information flow

A

primary sensory cotices
association cortices
parahippocampal cortices
entorhinal cortex
hippocampi formation

29
Q

how do we know that the hippocampus id important in declarative memory

A

patient HM (Henry molaison)
had a bilateral mediat temporal lobectomy to control severe epilepsy (1957)
after surgery
could remember events form past
could participate in short convocations
could learn new skills
BUT
could not form new declarative memories

30
Q

good animal model for hippocampal studies

A

rats
hippocampal structure conserved across mammalian species

31
Q

how do we study memory in rats

A
  • curiosity to explore
  • food seeking
  • freeze when afraid
  • avoidance of dangerous situations
    natural behaviours in rats
32
Q

what does morris water maze test study

A

spatial memory test

33
Q

explain the morris water maze test

A

rodents want to avoid dangerous situation (water)
water made opaque so animals can’t see submerged platform
after 7 days - remembered where platform is placed in pool
when platform removed - animal spends a lot more time in area where platform was

34
Q

what do lesions of the hippocampus impair

A

spatial memory

35
Q

how do lesions of hippocampus effect performance in morris water maze test

A

latency - time taken to escape from water maze
number of trials the animal took
control and cortical lesion animals
latency and number of trials increased

36
Q

blockade of NMDA receptors effect on hippocampus

A

impairs LTP in hippocampus

37
Q

What happens when a blockade (antagonist) of NMDA receptors (D-AP5) in the hippocampus in rats in vivo?

A

treatment contains active (DAP5) and inactive (LAP5) isomers of AP5
control - inactive isomer of AP5

antagonist of hppocampal NMDA receptors blocks preference for the target quadrant
this shows that rats treated with DAP5 can’t learn location of hidden platform

38
Q

what does muscmol (GABA(a) receptor agonist) do to CA1 of hippocampus

A

GABA (a) agonist infused into CA1 of hippocampus = temporarily inactivates it
impairs retrieval of previously learned hidden plated location

39
Q

evidence that the hippocampus is involved in spatial memory in people

A

size of London taxi drivers posterior hippocampus correlates with years of experience

40
Q

test to show that the hippocampus is involved in spatial memory in humans

A

fMRI imaging during virtual navigation task around Londons soho district
activity in the hippocampus positively correlates with distance to the goal location during active navigation

41
Q

the grandmother cell

A

a theoretical type of recognition neuron that represents a group of features about a single complex item or cencept

42
Q

is there evidence that grandmother cells exist

A

no
more likely features of complex item are represented by a sparse distributed neuronal network

43
Q

Jennifer anniston cells (concept cells)

A

recorded individual neurones in hippocampus of epilepsy patents
found neurons that reliably responded to specific familiar people (Jennifer Anniston)

44
Q

how to investigate visual recognition emory in animals

A

by novel object preference - inquisitiveness
animals spend more time exploring new objects than familiar ones

45
Q

discrimination ratio

A

exploration preference expressed
D = (novel - familiar) / (novel + familiar)

46
Q

what kind of memory is the pirirhinal cortex important for

A

inject recognition memories
lesions on perirhinal cortex not hippocampus or medial prefrontal cortex impair novel object preference memory

47
Q

where is the Peririhinal cortex

A

Located adjacent to the hippocampus in medial temporal nodes
directly and indirectly innervated the hippocampus

Neuroscience (14 decks)

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