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Neuroscience > Brain development > Flashcards

Brain development Flashcards

1
Q

Neuraxis

A

Establishes interior, posterior dimension of the NS

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2
Q

3 stages of embryonic development

A
  1. cleavage
  2. gastrulation
  3. organogenesis
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3
Q

cell at day 4

A

Morula
solid ball of cells formed as the zygote undergoes cleavage

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4
Q

cell at day 6

A

Early blastocyst
hollow ball of cells with fluid filled cavity

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5
Q

cell at day 10

A

late blastocyst
pre embryo
embryonic disk
2 layers of cells that become the embryo proper

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6
Q

cell at day 16

A

embryo with 3 primary germ layers
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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7
Q

name of 3 cells in development

A

zygote
blastula
gastrula

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8
Q

ectoderm of gastrula and examples

A

outer layer

epidermal cells of skin
neuron of brain
pigment cell

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9
Q

mesoderm of gastrula and examples

A

middle layer

notochord
bone tissue
tubules cell of the kidney
red blood cells
facial muscle

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10
Q

endoderm of gastrula and examples

A

stomach cell
thyroid cell
lung cell (alveolar)

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11
Q

germ cells

A

sperm and egg

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12
Q

cleavage

A

Cleavage: rapid, multiple rounds of mitotic cell division where the overall size of the embryo does not increase. The developing embryos is called a blastula following completion of cleavage.

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13
Q

gastrulation

A

Gastrulation: the dramatic rearrangement (movement) of cells in the blastula to create the embryonic tissue layers. These tissue layers will go on to produce the tissues and organs of the adult animal.

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14
Q

organogenesis

A

Organogenesis: the process of organ and issue formation via cell division and differentiation.

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15
Q

how do stem cells decide which layer they belong to

A

stem cells - migrate to one of 3 layers
according to specific transcription factors
form gastrula in organogenesis

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16
Q

neural tube structure

A

center ->
1. archenteron
2. endoderm
3. mesoderm
(NOTOCHORD)
4. ectoderm
(NEURAl FOLD)
(NEURAL PLATE)

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17
Q

what is the neural tube

A

This neural tube serves as the embryonic brain and spinal cord, the central nervous system.

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18
Q

Neural tube formation steps

A

(1) formation of the neural plate;
(2) shaping of the neural plate;
(3) bending of the neural plate to form the neural groove
(4) closure of the neural groove to form the neural tube.

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19
Q

when does neural tube formation happen

A

It starts during the 3rd and 4th week of gestation

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20
Q

formation of neuronal tube explained

A

neural crest cells form in the region that connects the neural tube and epidermis
neural plate formes
edges thicken and move upwards to form neural folds
U shaped neural groove forms
neural folds migrate to middle of embryo
they fuse to form the neural tube beneath the overlying ectoderm

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21
Q

which end of neural tube become brain and spinal cord

A

anterior end = brain
posterior end = SC
after 4th week of development

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22
Q

how do malformations of the neural tube formation and name examples

A

NTDs occur when the neural tube does not close properly. The neural tube forms the early brain and spine.
e.g anencephaly
craniorachischisis
spina bifida
encephalocele
iniencephaly

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23
Q

spina bifida

A

spinal cord defect

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24
Q

anencephaly

A

brain defect
absence of the brain and cranial vault, without skin covering

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25
Q

Trans amniotic stem cell therapy

A

taking the trans amniotic stem cells and inject them into the utero into the embryo - starts the regeneration of tissue again and let the fusion of the neural tube be complete

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26
Q

transcription factors in brain development

A

BMP
FGF
Wnt
RA

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27
Q

explain stages of embryonic development

A
  1. morula = solid ball of cells formed as zygote undergoes cleavage
  2. early blastocyte = hollow ball of cells with a fluid filled cavity
  3. late blastocyte = pre eymbro = embryonic disk = 2 layers of cells
  4. gastrula = embryo with 3 primary germ layers
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28
Q

what are the 3 primary germ layers

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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29
Q

where does the neural tube lie

A

above notochord and mesoderm and below ectoderm

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30
Q

at how many days does the neural tube become brain and SC

A

at day 25 (4th week)
anterior end will double up into brain
posterior end = SC

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31
Q

how do cells decide where they belong along the neural tube

A

Gradient of retinoid acid
to understand what’s more rostral and what’s more caudal

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32
Q

is the spinal cord rostral for caudal

A

caudal

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33
Q

what is the role of FGF and GDF11

A

Oppose the action of RA and allow specification of the SC

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34
Q

what is inhibited to form the neural tube

A

BMP ( bone morphogenetic proteins)

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35
Q

Explain the formation of the embryonic CNS using transcription factors

A
  • Blastocyst
  • Ectoderm
    activated by Ant and FGF
    inhibits BMP4 using Noggin Chords Follistatin
  • Neuroectoderm
    RA (generated by activation of RalDH2)
    FGF and GDF11 ( oppose the activity of RA allowing specification of SC)
  • Neural Tube
  • brain = rostral
    -SC = caudal
  • embryonic CNS
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36
Q

what transcription factor control rostral activity

A

RA (Brain)

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37
Q

what transcription factors control caudal activity

A

FGF and GDF11 (SC)

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38
Q

What transcription factors posterise the neural axis

A

Wnt, FGF and RA

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39
Q

What is involved in anteriorising cells

A

Tlc
Cerbrus
Dickkopf

40
Q

How is neural plate anteriorised

A

Cerberus and Dickkopf inhibit Wnt and BMP
Later TLC inhibits Wnt
to anteriorise the neural tube

41
Q

function of TLC

A

inhibits wnt to anteriorise the neural tube and form telecephalon and diencephalon

42
Q

What are the 3 parts formed from neural plate

A

forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain

43
Q

what are the 7 segments of hindbrain called

A

rhombomeres

44
Q

function of rhombomeres

A

vital functions
breathing and HR
cranial nerves originate

45
Q

what do neural crest cells migrate to form

A

peripheral NS
melanocytes
chondrocytes
smooth muscle

46
Q

what causes cells to migrate to specific areas

A

HOX genes

47
Q

how do HOX genes influence neural crest migration

A

The cell will migrate into a certain area according to the amount the HOX genes are expressed, and which genes are expressed.

48
Q

explain the patterns of neural crest cells in the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

A

Forebrain = neural crest cells travel as sheets
Midbrain = move as streams
Hind brain = move in segments

49
Q

neuron pathways in rhombomers

A

motor or sensory neuron pathways
cholinergic or dopaminergic neurons

50
Q

how are rhombomeres organised

A

HOX gene expression and is highly conserved

51
Q

2 axis

A

anterior posterior
And
Ventral dorsal

52
Q

2 axis

A

anterior posterior
and
ventral dorsal

53
Q

how is the brainstem divided

A

into rhombomeres defined anatomicaly by physical segmentation

54
Q

axis associated with rhombomere development

A

rostral caudal

55
Q

If spine was divided in half what is the dorsal and what is the ventral responsible for

A

dorsal (somatosensory/afferent system)
ventral (efferent system)

56
Q

what is restricted to specific rhobomeres and examples

A

cranial nerve nuclei

cochlea nevre
Vegas nerve

57
Q

what gene is Associated with the specification of dorsal ventral axis

A

Shh

58
Q

how are dorsal side and ventral side formed

A

dorsal side = BMP transcription secreted by upward ectoderm
ventral side = Shh secreted by notochord

59
Q

what causes cells to go to ventral side

A

Shh secreted by notochord

60
Q

what causes cells to go to Dorsal side

A

BMP transcription secreted by upward ectoderm

61
Q

what does notochord release

A

genes required for development of midline structure

62
Q

what is responsible for sensory neurons

A

BMP and Wnt
Diffuse as development takes place on ventral side

63
Q

what transcription factors are most important for ventral dorsal axis

A

Shh and BMP

64
Q

what is specifically associated to the transcription factor

A

progenitor domains
differentiated by their expressions of transcription factors

65
Q

Give an example of a progenitor domain and the neurotransmitters involved?

A

P1 migrate to the V1 cell, which express TF En1, and will be an inhibitory neurone secreting GABA.

66
Q

name progenitor domains

A

p0,p1,p2,pMN,p3

67
Q

name post mitotic neuron types

A

V0,V1,V2, MN,V3

68
Q

what determines the identity of ventricle spinal neurons

A

molecular code

69
Q

go from progenitor cells to post mitotic cells

A

Progenitor domains characterised by their differential expressions fo transcription factors = migrate laterally here and then change name = transmitters
p0-p3 -> v0-v3

70
Q

what is most ventral p0-p3

A

p3

71
Q

what is needed to form connections

A

long distances
growth cones
microtubules (stable and dynamic)
actin
axon guidance

72
Q

name of the cellular process involved in the progression of neural circuit

A

Axon Guidance

73
Q

explain the repulsive mechanism of axon guidance

A

negative cues
repulsive ligand like cytotoxic
act through receptors
trigger the collapse of the cytoskeleton
so that cells do not grow in the direction

74
Q

explain attractive mechanisms when forming connections

A

Receptors for positive cues (specific Tfs) to promote polymerisation of the cytoskeleton towards that side of the growth cone.

75
Q

how does a neuron know what direction to form connections

A

axon guidance
attractive and repulsive mechanisms

76
Q

what is ipsilateral growth of axons

A

On the same side

77
Q

cytoskeleton proteins

A

stabe mT, dynamic MT and F actin

78
Q

what axons grow longitudinally

A

Axons expressing Robo
Repelled by Slit
Grow longitudinally

79
Q

what axons are attracted to the midline

A

Axons with low ROBO expression = attracted to the midline and cross over

80
Q

what happens when axons cross midline

A

axons up regulate robot and remain on contralateral side

81
Q

what is a neuromere

A

where the region in which the axon crosses = might have cross projection = different projections run ipselateral or become contrilateral

82
Q

what is a neuromere

A

where the region in which the axon crosses = might have cross projection = different projections run ipselateral or become contrilateral

83
Q

what model has ben crucial in uncovering fundamental mechanisms of neural circuit development

A

drosophila CNS

84
Q

what receptor do peripheral nerves rely on to reach the periphery

A

neuropilin receptor

85
Q

what ligand to the NRP1 receptor

A

Sema3A

86
Q

What ligand to the NRP2 receptor?

A

Sema3F

87
Q

what happens is NRP1 is knocked out

A

nerve do not reach the periphery

88
Q

neural plasticity

A

ability of the brain to change structurally and chemically in response to experience

89
Q

4 key elements of a complex variable enriched environment

A

cognitive
sensory
motor
social

90
Q

How does plasticity change with age

A

Plasticity decreases

91
Q

2 studies on language pathologies

A

RH crowding effects
Functional redundancy

92
Q

plasticity in neurochemcial systems

A

cyclin or developmental change in expressed neurotransmitters

93
Q

plasticity of cell assemblies and connection s

A

change in patterns of brain connectivity in response to endogenous input to input from the environment

94
Q

plasticity in behaviour

A

change in strategy or approach to problem solving

95
Q

functional redundancy

A

multiple langage specific neural systems
one is lost there are others to mediate language

96
Q

what are the main subtractive events that play a role in development

A

neural cell death and loss of synapses
establish patterns of brain activity that are more stable

97
Q

what plays a role in development and plasticity

A

genes and enviornmens = providing the input for proper developments

Neuroscience (14 decks)

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