Learning History - lecture

Question 1

Pavlov focussed on..

Answer 1

classical conditioning.

Question 2

what is the food in pavlov experiment

Answer 2

unconditioned stimulus

Question 3

what is salivation in pavlovs experiment

Answer 3

unconditioned reaction

Question 4

what is a conditioned stimulus

Answer 4

initially neutral to organisms but over time evokes reaction, THE BELL

Question 5

classical conditioning main point

Answer 5

pairs conditioned stimulus ( bell ) with unconditioned stimulus (food) and untimely the unconditioned reaction happens without conditioned stim. ( turning UCR into a CR by repeatedly pairing UCS with CS )

Question 6

classical conditioning in humans

Answer 6

phobias ( response to feared stimulus )
dad sighs before hitting so you get a conditioned response ( fear ) from him sighing

Question 7

stimulus generalization

Answer 7

stimuli that are like the conditioned stimulus elicit the same reactions. -> could get a phobia from sighing or breathing sounds

Question 8

how would a behaviorist try to help you overcome a phobia

Answer 8

put you in relaxed state and make sighing noises so you don’t feel tense when you hear them ( using classical conditioning to redesign the brain )

Question 9

Who runs OPerant conditioning

Answer 9

BF skinner

Question 10

distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning ( as skinner says )

Answer 10

classical - elicited behavior ( reflexive reaction to a stimulus ), automatic reactions, skinner says stimulus response psychology

operant - emitted behaviors ( actions where organism initiates a behavior with no obvious preceding stimulus ),

Question 11

operant conditioning ( as bf skinner says )

Answer 11

consequences of emitted behavior affects its future likelihood.

Question 12

response stimulus psych

Answer 12

there is an action, following an action there is a stimulus

Question 13

positive reinforcement

Answer 13

positive stimulus follows behavior

Question 14

is negative reinforcement a rewarding experience ?

Answer 14

yes, taking away a negative stimulus is good.

Question 14

negative reinforcement

Answer 14

removal of a negative stimulus following behavior

Question 15

punishment

Answer 15

negative stimulus or removal of positive stimulus following behavior

Question 16

crucial features of operant conditioning

Answer 16

automatic and mindless, something that happens in mind without awareness. all instinct, do not realize we are doing it.
- could say radical blank slate theorist
- could say human nature of all organisms is to learn behavior

Question 17

Keehan ( 1967 ) experiment

Answer 17

reinforced money for lever presses, after a few minutes would offer positive reinforcement every time subject blinked -> eventually only for blinking. they believed it was still only for lever pressing even though eye blink rate went up 200-400%.
- got same result with experiments with infants

Question 18

main point of Keehan experiemnt

Answer 18

does not matter age or maturity or IQ, it is an automatic and mindless process.

Question 19

who thought there was no convincing evidence for operant or classical conditioning in adult humans?

Answer 19

William f brewer
- thought The bulk of learning in the human learning literature is arguable due to the operation of higher mental processes.
- thought There is some minimal evidence for automatic, unconscious processes.

Question 20

what is implicit attitude formation through classical conditioning ? ( without awareness )

Answer 20

• Memory test for which images co-occurred
  People remembered nothing ( consciously )
• it has showed bad things with certain pokemon and good things with others.
• result : Character paired with awesome was consistently paired with positive stimuli while one with awful was paired with negative stimuli, but people didn’t remember anything they had seen
• critical dependent variable = attitude towards character

Question 21

operant conditioning

Answer 21

• Creates habits - thoughtless, easily activated behaviors
• Looking at screen is an example of operant conditioning, looking at it gives you positive reinforcement -> habit of looking at screen is strengthened
• Because we are addicted we cant think
• People do less well on cognitive tasks simply if their phone is sitting on the table next to them

Question 22

what two systems is the mind made up of ?

Answer 22

system 1 and system 2

Question 23

system 1

Answer 23

• non - conscious, automatic, associative, non-logical, old.
• Behaviorism is a system 1 theory ( how learning happens in system one )
• ( they didn’t explicitly say system 2 wasn’t a thing but didn’t really comment on it )

Question 24

system 2

Answer 24

conscious, controllable, reasoning, logical, linked to language

Question 25

Behaviorism from the OC/ system 1 perspective

Answer 25

“screens” have always brought instant flood of positive reinforcement
In contrast, “ in the moment” or getting work done or studying does not bring positive reinforcement
- Thus, if system 1 “ rules” Well have a “screen addiction” and wont study effectively
- Someone ruled by system 1 has a hard time doing what needs to be done when positive reinforcement things around
- Similar to ID but isn’t about aggression , could say ID is a system one concept just like operant conditioning is a system one concept
- Problem with system one/behaviorism is that system 2 wouldn’t really exists

Question 26

POST behaviorism ( system 2 exists too ! )

Answer 26

• Think about longer term outcomes and make intentional decisions ( operant is immediate consequence of action )
• Can self regulate ( regulate maladaptive impulses)
• Recognize “ if i don’t resist these temptations, i will never learn anything or make progress toward my long term goal “
• Easier time setting aside short term pleasure

Question 27

are system 1 and system 2 polar opposites ?

Answer 27

no. either one could bring you to make a bad decision, they just function differently