Learning History - lecture Flashcards
Pavlov focussed on..
classical conditioning.
what is the food in pavlov experiment
unconditioned stimulus
what is salivation in pavlovs experiment
unconditioned reaction
what is a conditioned stimulus
initially neutral to organisms but over time evokes reaction, THE BELL
classical conditioning main point
pairs conditioned stimulus ( bell ) with unconditioned stimulus (food) and untimely the unconditioned reaction happens without conditioned stim. ( turning UCR into a CR by repeatedly pairing UCS with CS )
classical conditioning in humans
phobias ( response to feared stimulus )
dad sighs before hitting so you get a conditioned response ( fear ) from him sighing
stimulus generalization
stimuli that are like the conditioned stimulus elicit the same reactions. -> could get a phobia from sighing or breathing sounds
how would a behaviorist try to help you overcome a phobia
put you in relaxed state and make sighing noises so you don’t feel tense when you hear them ( using classical conditioning to redesign the brain )
Who runs OPerant conditioning
BF skinner
distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning ( as skinner says )
classical - elicited behavior ( reflexive reaction to a stimulus ), automatic reactions, skinner says stimulus response psychology
operant - emitted behaviors ( actions where organism initiates a behavior with no obvious preceding stimulus ),
operant conditioning ( as bf skinner says )
consequences of emitted behavior affects its future likelihood.
response stimulus psych
there is an action, following an action there is a stimulus
positive reinforcement
positive stimulus follows behavior
is negative reinforcement a rewarding experience ?
yes, taking away a negative stimulus is good.
negative reinforcement
removal of a negative stimulus following behavior
punishment
negative stimulus or removal of positive stimulus following behavior
crucial features of operant conditioning
automatic and mindless, something that happens in mind without awareness. all instinct, do not realize we are doing it.
- could say radical blank slate theorist
- could say human nature of all organisms is to learn behavior
Keehan ( 1967 ) experiment
reinforced money for lever presses, after a few minutes would offer positive reinforcement every time subject blinked -> eventually only for blinking. they believed it was still only for lever pressing even though eye blink rate went up 200-400%.
- got same result with experiments with infants
main point of Keehan experiemnt
does not matter age or maturity or IQ, it is an automatic and mindless process.
who thought there was no convincing evidence for operant or classical conditioning in adult humans?
William f brewer
- thought The bulk of learning in the human learning literature is arguable due to the operation of higher mental processes.
- thought There is some minimal evidence for automatic, unconscious processes.
what is implicit attitude formation through classical conditioning ? ( without awareness )
- Memory test for which images co-occurred
People remembered nothing ( consciously ) - it has showed bad things with certain pokemon and good things with others.
- result : Character paired with awesome was consistently paired with positive stimuli while one with awful was paired with negative stimuli, but people didn’t remember anything they had seen
- critical dependent variable = attitude towards character
operant conditioning
- Creates habits - thoughtless, easily activated behaviors
- Looking at screen is an example of operant conditioning, looking at it gives you positive reinforcement -> habit of looking at screen is strengthened
- Because we are addicted we cant think
- People do less well on cognitive tasks simply if their phone is sitting on the table next to them
what two systems is the mind made up of ?
system 1 and system 2
system 1
- non - conscious, automatic, associative, non-logical, old.
- Behaviorism is a system 1 theory ( how learning happens in system one )
- ( they didn’t explicitly say system 2 wasn’t a thing but didn’t really comment on it )
system 2
conscious, controllable, reasoning, logical, linked to language
Behaviorism from the OC/ system 1 perspective
“screens” have always brought instant flood of positive reinforcement
In contrast, “ in the moment” or getting work done or studying does not bring positive reinforcement
- Thus, if system 1 “ rules” Well have a “screen addiction” and wont study effectively
- Someone ruled by system 1 has a hard time doing what needs to be done when positive reinforcement things around
- Similar to ID but isn’t about aggression , could say ID is a system one concept just like operant conditioning is a system one concept
- Problem with system one/behaviorism is that system 2 wouldn’t really exists
POST behaviorism ( system 2 exists too ! )
- Think about longer term outcomes and make intentional decisions ( operant is immediate consequence of action )
- Can self regulate ( regulate maladaptive impulses)
- Recognize “ if i don’t resist these temptations, i will never learn anything or make progress toward my long term goal “
- Easier time setting aside short term pleasure
are system 1 and system 2 polar opposites ?
no. either one could bring you to make a bad decision, they just function differently
