beyond behaviorism & social learning theories Lecture Flashcards
how does subjectivity drive behavior
people can be influenced by imagination and subjective experiences, like songs or movies, without reinforcement or punishment
what is the difference between push and pull theories of behavior ?
push : behavior is driven by past experiences ( life history )
pull : behavior is motivated by future goals ( imaginary construct pulling towards a desired future
what is an example of perseverance despite negative consequences
medical school or military training, where individuals endure punishment to achieve long term goal ( shows a difference between doing things for reinforcement )
- goal directed
- acquisition of behavior without reinforcement being necessary
is reinforcement always necessary for the acquisition of behavior ?
no, behavior can be acquired without reinforcement, challenging strict behaviorist ideas.
what is Rotters expectancy value theory
system 2 theory - behavior is influenced by a conscious evaluation of the expected consequences of actions, combining expectancy and reinforcement value
what is expectancy in rotters theory
expectancy is a conscious belief about the predicted consequences of an action, formed through imagination and deliberation
how does expectancy differ from behaviorism
expectancy involves conscious though and deliberation about future consequences, unlike the mindless repetition in behaviorism
how do expectancy and operant conditioning sometimes conflict ?
system 1 ( habitual) and sytem 2 ( deliberative ) processes may lead to different behaviors. expectancy leads to long term thinking, while operant conditioning focuses on immediate rewards.
can expectancies be false?
yes, expectancies can be wrong. for example, someone might choose a career based on faulty assumptions and later regret it
what is Reinforcement value ( RV) in rotters theory ?
RV is the subjective value attached to the expected consequences, which can differ between individuals based on personal importance.
- someone might hold studying for a specific test in a different light than another person ( more important to them, or less important )
how do operant conditioning and expectancy value theory explain behavior differently
operant conditioning : mindless, habitual behavior without awareness
expectancy value : conscious, deliberate choices based on expected consequences and their subjective value
- does not mean operant is bad and expectancy is good, you can still consciously make a bad decision.
what is Rotters formula for behavior choice?
Choice = fn(Expectancy & Reinforcement Value).
- Both a positive expectancy ( and a high reinforcement value are needed for a person to choose a certain behavior.
how does rotters theory explain depression
depression occurs when there is a high reinforcement value for a desired consequence, but a negative expectancy ( belief that the desired outcome wont happen )
what is the goal of therapy according to rotter
to “retune” problematic expectancies or reinforcement values by scrutinizing and debating conscious beliefs through cognitive therapy
how does rotterian therapy differ from behaviorism
Rotarian therapy changes beliefs to change behavior, while behaviorism focuses on changing behavior directly
what is bandura’s self efficacy theory
self efficacy theory focuses on how people make behavioral choices by evaluating whether they believe they are capable of performing a behavior
how does Bandura’s theory compare to Rotter’s expectancy value theory?
Both involve thinking about behavior, but Bandura emphasizes belief in one’s capability (efficacy) to perform the behavior, while Rotter focuses more on expected consequences
What is “efficacy expectation” in Bandura’s theory?
It is the belief about whether one is capable of performing a behavior, which is consulted before considering consequences.
How does Bandura’s theory explain behavior like Brad’s bragging?
- Expectancy: Brad expects others to respect him for bragging.
- Reinforcement Value: Respect is very important to him.
- Efficacy: He feels skilled at talking about his successes but not about other topics.
How might therapy address Brad’s bragging according to Bandura’s theory?
Therapy might help Brad recognize other things he can talk about confidently, such as discussing movies he enjoys, to diversify his communication.
whats is banduras concept of observational learning ?
humans learn by imitating others behvaiors, even without being directly reinforced for the behavior themselves
What is an example of Bandura’s observational learning in action?
In the “Bobo Doll” experiment, children watched adults act aggressively toward dolls and then imitated the aggressive behavior themselves.
How did children in the “Bobo Doll” experiment demonstrate learning beyond mere imitation?
The children initiated their own aggressive actions, such as using a gun or another doll, which were not explicitly shown to them by the adult model.
