beyond behaviorism & social learning theories Lecture

Question 2

how does subjectivity drive behavior

Answer 2

people can be influenced by imagination and subjective experiences, like songs or movies, without reinforcement or punishment

Question 3

what is the difference between push and pull theories of behavior ?

Answer 3

push : behavior is driven by past experiences ( life history )
pull : behavior is motivated by future goals ( imaginary construct pulling towards a desired future

Question 4

what is an example of perseverance despite negative consequences

Answer 4

medical school or military training, where individuals endure punishment to achieve long term goal ( shows a difference between doing things for reinforcement )
- goal directed
- acquisition of behavior without reinforcement being necessary

Question 5

is reinforcement always necessary for the acquisition of behavior ?

Answer 5

no, behavior can be acquired without reinforcement, challenging strict behaviorist ideas.

Question 6

what is Rotters expectancy value theory

Answer 6

system 2 theory - behavior is influenced by a conscious evaluation of the expected consequences of actions, combining expectancy and reinforcement value

Question 7

what is expectancy in rotters theory

Answer 7

expectancy is a conscious belief about the predicted consequences of an action, formed through imagination and deliberation

Question 8

how does expectancy differ from behaviorism

Answer 8

expectancy involves conscious though and deliberation about future consequences, unlike the mindless repetition in behaviorism

Question 9

how do expectancy and operant conditioning sometimes conflict ?

Answer 9

system 1 ( habitual) and sytem 2 ( deliberative ) processes may lead to different behaviors. expectancy leads to long term thinking, while operant conditioning focuses on immediate rewards.

Question 10

can expectancies be false?

Answer 10

yes, expectancies can be wrong. for example, someone might choose a career based on faulty assumptions and later regret it

Question 11

what is Reinforcement value ( RV) in rotters theory ?

Answer 11

RV is the subjective value attached to the expected consequences, which can differ between individuals based on personal importance.
- someone might hold studying for a specific test in a different light than another person ( more important to them, or less important )

Question 12

how do operant conditioning and expectancy value theory explain behavior differently

Answer 12

operant conditioning : mindless, habitual behavior without awareness
expectancy value : conscious, deliberate choices based on expected consequences and their subjective value
- does not mean operant is bad and expectancy is good, you can still consciously make a bad decision.

Question 13

what is Rotters formula for behavior choice?

Answer 13

Choice = fn(Expectancy & Reinforcement Value).
- Both a positive expectancy ( and a high reinforcement value are needed for a person to choose a certain behavior.

Question 14

how does rotters theory explain depression

Answer 14

depression occurs when there is a high reinforcement value for a desired consequence, but a negative expectancy ( belief that the desired outcome wont happen )

Question 15

what is the goal of therapy according to rotter

Answer 15

to “retune” problematic expectancies or reinforcement values by scrutinizing and debating conscious beliefs through cognitive therapy

Question 16

how does rotterian therapy differ from behaviorism

Answer 16

Rotarian therapy changes beliefs to change behavior, while behaviorism focuses on changing behavior directly

Question 17

what is bandura’s self efficacy theory

Answer 17

self efficacy theory focuses on how people make behavioral choices by evaluating whether they believe they are capable of performing a behavior

Question 18

how does Bandura’s theory compare to Rotter’s expectancy value theory?

Answer 18

Both involve thinking about behavior, but Bandura emphasizes belief in one’s capability (efficacy) to perform the behavior, while Rotter focuses more on expected consequences

Question 19

What is “efficacy expectation” in Bandura’s theory?

Answer 19

It is the belief about whether one is capable of performing a behavior, which is consulted before considering consequences.

Question 20

How does Bandura’s theory explain behavior like Brad’s bragging?

Answer 20

• Expectancy: Brad expects others to respect him for bragging.
• Reinforcement Value: Respect is very important to him.
• Efficacy: He feels skilled at talking about his successes but not about other topics.

Question 21

How might therapy address Brad’s bragging according to Bandura’s theory?

Answer 21

Therapy might help Brad recognize other things he can talk about confidently, such as discussing movies he enjoys, to diversify his communication.

Question 22

whats is banduras concept of observational learning ?

Answer 22

humans learn by imitating others behvaiors, even without being directly reinforced for the behavior themselves

Question 23

What is an example of Bandura’s observational learning in action?

Answer 23

In the “Bobo Doll” experiment, children watched adults act aggressively toward dolls and then imitated the aggressive behavior themselves.

Question 24

How did children in the “Bobo Doll” experiment demonstrate learning beyond mere imitation?

Answer 24

The children initiated their own aggressive actions, such as using a gun or another doll, which were not explicitly shown to them by the adult model.