Learning disability Flashcards
What is Angleman syndrome?
Happy disposition
Laughing at minimal provocation
Handflapping
Inquisitiveness
What is Down’s syndrome?
Trisomy 21 Obsessionality Stubbornness Small head, flat occiput Flat nasal bridge Almond shaped eyes Protruding tongue Hearing impairment Single palmar crease
What is Fragile X syndrome?
X linked, repeat expansion Long narrow face Large ears Flexible fingers Large fingers Seizures Hyperactivity Autism
What is Klinefelter’s syndrome?
XXY Infertility Weak muscles Tall Poor coordination Lack of body hair Retain intelligence
What is Lesch-Nyhan syndrome?
X-linked recessive
Compulsive severely mutilating self-injurious behaviour
Facial grimicing
Repetitive movements of arms and legs
What is Sanfilippo syndrome?
Autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease
Loss of previously learnt skills
What is Noonan’s syndrome?
Autosomal dominant Short height Congenital heart disease Skeletal deformations Problems in peer relations Stubborness Perseverative behaviour
What is Prader-Willi syndrome?
Instiable appetite Sleep abnormalities Frequent temper tantrums Skin Picking High pain tolerance
What is Rett syndrome?
Reduced interest in play Autistic like symptoms Self injury Anxiety Depression
What is tuberous sclerosis?
Benign tumours grow on brain
75% autism, hyperactivity or both
Lung+kidney disease
0-6 months milestones?
Roll over Palmar grasp Hand to hand Smile + laugh Double-syllable sounds
6-12 months milestones?
Crawling Standing supported Sit unsupported Pincer grip Stranger shyness
1-2 year milestones?
Walk, run
2-3 word sentences
Feeding self
Parallel play
Infancy milestones?
Continence Co-operative play Drawing Questioning Speech increases in fluency Skipping Hopping Dress themselves
Childhood milestones?
Involvement in peer group
Increased autonomy
Adolescence milestones?
Independence
Related mostly to peer group
Avoidant attachment?
Aggressive with parent
Undisturbed when separated
Avoids/ignores presence
Normal attachment?
Exploratory with patent
Upset but consolable when separated
Actively greets when rejoined
Anxious attachment?
Clingy with parent
Upset when separated
Angry when rejoined
What is enuresis?
Voiding of urine in inappropriate places at an inappropriate age
Causes of enuresis?
Deliberate Genetic Stressful life events Poor toilet training Developmental delay Structural Psychiatric disorder
What is encopresis?
Fecal soiling - in pants or deposited in bizarre locations
Causes of encopresis?
Constiation Anal fissure Bowel disorders Abuse Neglect Family disharmony
What is conduct disorder?
'pre personality disorder' Fighting, bullying Cruelty to animals or people Severe destructiveness Firesetting Stealing Repeated lying Truancy Absconding from home Temper tantrums Difiance
What is oppositional defiant disorder?
Absence of behaviour that violates the law
What is separation anxiety?
Real or imagined separation with attachment figures
Cardinal features of ADHD?
Impaired attention Impulsivity Overreactivity Social disinhibition Recklessness Impulsive flouting of social rules Occur in more than one environment
NICE base of autism diagnosis?
ONE OF:
Problems sustaining or obtaining employment or education
Difficulty initiating social reltionship
Previous contact with mental health service
History of neurodevelopmental conditions
ADHD or mental disorder
Social features of autism?
Difficulty interpreting emotions, gestures, actions Stilled pedantic language Poor listening skills Conversational reciprocity Over compliant Honest to extend of bluntness Prefer to be alone Lack of empathy Avoid eye contact Little imagination or creative play Do not like change Set rules Minor details
Theory of mind?
Lack of understanding what other people will think
e.g. Apple in basket challenge
What is asperger’s syndrome?
Difficulties in social interaction and nonverbal communication but normal language and intelligence
Mild LD?
IQ 50-69
Delayed understanding/use of language
Difficulties gaining independence
Practical occupations
Moderate LD?
IQ 35-49? Varying profiles of ability Often associated with epilepsy, neurological and other disability Delay in achievement of self care Simple practical work Independent living rarely achieved
Severe LD?
IQ 20-34
Marked motor impairment
Globally reduced abilities
Profound LD?
IQ <20 Severe limitation in ability to understand or comply with requests or instructions IQ difficult to measure Little/no self care Severe mobility restriction
Prenatal causes of LD?
Inborn error of metabolism Chromosomal abnormalities Congenital infection Irradiation Drugs Maternal alcohol intake Malnutrition
Perinatal causes of LD?
Hypoxia at birth Mechanical brith trauma Small babies Hyperbilirubinemia Hypoglycemia Prematurity
Postnatal causes of LD?
Meningitis Encephalitis Head injury Lead poisoning Malnutrition MMR lol
What is phenylketonuria?
Abnormal amino acid metabolism
Lack of PAH –> build up phenylalanine
Neurotoxicity
What is tuner’s syndrome?
XO Features vary at different ages but include Small baby/small statues Middle ear disease Learning difficulties Infertility Webbed neck
What is angleman syndrome?
Microdeletions Happy excitable personalities Laugh, smile often Learning difficulties Seizures Gait problems
Presentation of psychiatric conditions in LD?
Challenging behaviours Violence to self Violence to others Undressing Shouting Masturbation Urination Defecation Rocking Flapping Stealing
Factors influencing mental health in LD?
Genetic vulnerability Brain damage Infection Physical disability Sensory impairment Tumours Limited social interaction Reduced employment Lack of finance Lack of support Reduced transport access Exploitation Poor housing Family attitudes Lack of choice Learning experiences Personality Separation/loss Coping style Life events Self-esteem Lack of assertiveness Feeling helpless
