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Psychology > Learning:classical Conditioning > Flashcards

Learning:classical Conditioning Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning is?

A 
A process
Experience
Enduring
Adaptive
Change 
Behaviour
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2
Q

Think about evolutionary adaptation

A

What will signal an upcoming important event that will have positive or negative consequences for me?

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3
Q

Behaviourism was founded by?

A

John Watson in 1913

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4
Q

Behaviourism is

A

Psychology as the study of behaviour and sees learning as the centrepiece of psychology

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5
Q

Behaviourism is focused on

A

The relationship between behaviour and stimuli and events in the environment

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6
Q

Habituation doesn’t describe learning an association between two stimuli (unlike conditioning)

A

But describes the attenuation of a current response

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7
Q

Habituation requires

A

Repetition of a single stimulus
E.g in humans a loud noise
Aplysia (snail) touch skin to cause contraction of Gill

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8
Q

What is another term for sensitisation?

A

Dishabituation

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9
Q

Sensitisation again is not about the association between two stimuli but

A

Describes an increase in strength of a response to a repeated stimulus

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10
Q

An example of sensitisation in humans is

A

Tap dripping (or water torture if you prefer a more dramatic example)

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11
Q

An example of sensitisation in aplysia is

A

Stronger tactile stimulus causes withdrawal of more body parts

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12
Q

Sensitise or habituate?

A

Clearly important to respond in some way to harmful stimuli but not expend energy on reacting to safe events

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13
Q

Groves and Thomson (1970) believed

A

Both happen at the same time. If the amount of arousal produced is high then sensitisation occurs more than habituation and so the overall behavioural response is increased response to the stimulus- if arousal is low then the opposite happens

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14
Q

A form of associative learning: study pionneered by

A

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

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15
Q

Pavlov won a Nobel prize for?

A

Psychology-medicine (1904)

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16
Q

Basic Pavlovian procedure requires?

A

A hungry dog

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17
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Association of two stimuli such that one stimulus comes to be associated with the repose normally given to the other

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18
Q

The original research is classical conditioning examined

A

Digestion and measured salivary response to food

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19
Q

What was noticed in classical conditioning?

A

That saliva production began to happen before the presentation of food

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20
Q

Serendipity: tested the idea of saliva production before food using

A

Tones- dogs do not normally salivate to tones- they do to food

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21
Q

To test this idea sound a tone every time the dog gets food

A

Dogs salivate to tone even when there is no food

22
Q

Food and tone have become associated to

A

Produce the same response

23
Q

Terminology

A

Unconditioned stimulus UCS-food
Unconditioned response UCR-salivate to food
Conditioned stimulus CS-tone
Conditioned response CR-salivate to tone

24
Q

The important principle from this is that

A

Stimulus substitution has occurred- the CR is similar to, but weaker than, the UCR

25
Q

Stimulus substitution is a basic learning process that

A

Occurs across species- it’s function is to alert organisms to an important upcoming event

26
Q

If salivation can be conditioned

A

So might a whole lot of other responses

27
Q

Learning occurs most quickly when?

A

The CS (tone) appears first and is still present when the UCS (food) appears

This is known as forward pairing

28
Q

If there is a delay between CS and UCS

A

It should only be for a couple of seconds maximum for best effect

29
Q

Slower learning happens during

A

Simultaneous pairing

30
Q

Slowest learning of all happens when

A

The UCS precedes the CS

This is know as backward pairing

31
Q

Pavlov- a similar stimulus to the CS will also elicit a CR

A

The greater the similarity, the more likely it is that CR will occur

This is described as generalisation

32
Q

A stimulus which is markedly different

A

Will not elicit a CR

This is described as discrimination

33
Q

The adaptive value of generalisation and discrimination

A

Should be apparent

34
Q

Higher order conditioning HOC:

A

Hungry dog gets repeated tone-food pairings
Tone becomes CS with salivation as CR
Now show black square prior to tone (no food given)
Square eventually becomes a CS which can elicit salivation on its own
While chain of items associated with response

35
Q

An application of classical conditioning is

A

Phobias

36
Q

Watson used behaviourist ideas to

A

Challenge the current Freudian psychoanalytic views of mental disorders such as phobias

37
Q

Could a single pairing of a particularly aversive stimulus be enough to cause a lifelong fear?

A

Needed experimental evidence

38
Q

Conditioned fear

A

Watson and Rayner (1920)

39
Q

Little Albert

A
  • 11 month old boy introduced to rat

- Played happily with animal- or no fear- until the experimenter standing behind him hit gong

40
Q

After gong sounded

A

Paired showing him the rat with banging a steel bar with a hammer

After several rat-noise pairings little Albert cried when he saw the rat itself

41
Q

The rest of fear of rat resulted in

A

Fear generalised to similar creatures and objects- rabbit, Santa clause mask

42
Q

Fear of rat

A

Less generalisation of fear to a dog-not as furry

43
Q

Other evidence for conditioned fear

A

Ayres (1998) animas become afraid of neutral stimuli that are paired with a shock

Wolpe and Paul (1997) therapies based on the principles of classical conditioning are amount at the most effective forms of treatment for phobia ie if phobias are learned they can be unlearned

44
Q

Exposure therapies

A

Exposure the the stimulus CS without the UCS allowing extinction to occur

45
Q

Exposure therapies

A

Can use real life, hypnosis, mental imagery and virtual reality

46
Q

Exposure therapies

A

Flooding- intense exposure to trigger stimulus, anxiety at maximum level- no adverse consequences

Problem- phobic has to stay in the room

47
Q

What is systematic desensitisation ?

A

Graduated exposure to the trigger stimulus-same idea but less likely that the patient will do a runner

48
Q

Attraction and aversion

A

As well as phobia, classical conditioning has also been linked to fetishism

Ralph McGuire and his trainees
The game and what to give a waitress
Aversion therapy
Advertising

49
Q

Allergic reactions

A

E,g asthma- plastic fish gave same reaction as real goldfish allergen

50
Q

Anticipatory nausea

A

Chemotherapy

51
Q

Even the immune system response can become paired with a neutral stimulus

A

Sherbet and immune enhancing drug eventually leads to better immune response from just sherbet alone

Psychology (8 decks)

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