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Psychology > Conceptual And Historical Issues In Psychology > Flashcards

Conceptual And Historical Issues In Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Plato (428-347bc) believe?

A

Certain types of knowledge are innate or inborn

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2
Q

What was plato’s theory called?

A

Nativism

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3
Q

Aristotle (384-322bc) believed?

A

All knowledge is acquired through experience

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4
Q

What was aristotles theory called?

A

Empiricism

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5
Q

Plato and Aristotle were

A

Antecedents to contemporary nature versus nurture debates in psychology

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6
Q

What is the philosophical foundations?

A

The mind-body problem

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7
Q

Who discovered the mind body problem?

A

Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

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8
Q

The mind body problem was also referred to as?

A

Cartesian dualism

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9
Q

The mind body problem believed?

A

Mind (res cogitans) and body (res extensa) are separate yet they can influence each other

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10
Q

What was the geocentric model of the universe challenge by?

A

Heliocentrism

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11
Q

Who tested the heliocentric model?

A

Galileo- ideas unwelcome but ultimately irrefutable

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12
Q

Who explained physical order of universe?

A

Newton

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13
Q

What did Helmholtz (1821-1894) do?

A

Recorded speed of nerve impulses

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14
Q

Nerve impulses were previously assumed

A

So fast as to be immeasurable

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15
Q

How did Helmholtz measure this?

A

Stimulates nerve in frogs leg at different distances

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16
Q

What did Helmholtz discover from testing on the frog?

A

Nerve signals travel quite slowly (30 metres/sec)

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17
Q

Donders (1868) uses helmholtz’s techniques to?

A

Measure speed of mental processes

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18
Q

What did Donders do?

A

Recorded speed of mental processes

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19
Q

How did Donders do this?

A

Measured simple reaction time (RT) to single stimulus-seldom less than 20msecs

Subsequent task with two stimuli-subjects had to react only to one of them

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20
Q

When was reaction time longer?

A

For more complex “discrimination” task

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21
Q

What does the subtractive method provide?

A

Difference between rt’s and a measure of the mental act of “discrimination” (known as Donders method)

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22
Q

What is mental chronometry?

A

Time to perform mental tasks and their components

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23
Q

First psychological lab established by?

A

Wilhelm Wundt- university of Leipzig, 1879

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24
Q

University classes were

A

Attended by large numbers of young researchers from around the world

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25
Q

These university classes led to?

A

Rapid establishment of numerous psychology institutes including 20 in USA

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26
Q

These classes involved the application of scientific method to study

A

Mental processes

27
Q

What is introspection?

A

Considered a way of accessing phsycological processes and experience directly

28
Q

What does introspection do?

A

Trains people in self observation- to carefully and objectively analyse the contents of their own thoughts and feelings

29
Q

Introspection is consistent with

A

Descartes claim that mental states are more real than physical states and can be accessed directly through reflection

30
Q

Wundt’s introspective model is?

A

Rigorous and arduous

31
Q

Wundt’s introspective method requires?

A

Focused attention over long periods, very large numbers of trials, long period of training

32
Q

As a result of this focus research depends on

A

Quite small numbers of highly trained participants usually wundt’s researchers

33
Q

What is an advantage of introspection?

A

Direct observation of mental processes

34
Q

What is another advantage of introspection?

A

Subjective

35
Q

What is another advantage of introspective method?

A

Consistent with long intellectual tradition emphasising importance of self reflection ( including all major religions)

36
Q

What is another advantage of interospective method?

A

Values of introspection survive in some branches of psychology (e.g non-directive psychotherapy, phenomenological psychology, positive psychology)

37
Q

What was William James (1890) work

A

“Principles of psychology”

38
Q

What did William James do?

A

Advocated introspection as a primary means of studying mental life

39
Q

What did William James emphasise?

A

Practical functions of the mind

40
Q

Who was William James influenced by?

A

Darwin’s evolutionary theory

41
Q

William James described?

A

Stream of thought-consciousness of self

42
Q

What is a criticism of interospective method?

A

Subjective reports lack objectivity. Cannot be independently verified. If two observers differ who is right?

43
Q

What is another criticism of interospective method?

A

Two activities at once- experiencing and analysing. Analysis may change/ interfere with the experience

44
Q

What is another criticism of interospective method?

A

Many psychological functions too fast or complex for interospection. They take place below the level of consciousness (perceptuo-motor learning, mathematical thinking, creative thinking)

45
Q

What is another criticism of interospective method?

A

Mental processes subject to a range of biases, attributions, confabulation. We often do not have true insight into our mental processes and causes of our behaviour

46
Q

What is another criticism of interospective method?

A

Cannot be applied to children, insane, people with language difficulties, animals. Therefor limited applicability- excluded from investigation some of the most important areas of psychology

47
Q

What is another criticism of interospective method?

A

Freud’s concept of the ‘unconcious mind’ finally demolishes idea that introspection can reveal causes of behaviour. Unconscious motives, experiences, processes cannot be accessed

48
Q

Interospective method does not

A

Stand the test of time

49
Q

What is the alternative to interospective method?

A

Study people’s behaviour not their mental states

50
Q

What was watsons (1913) work?

A

“Psychology as behaviourist views it” (often called “the behaviourist manifesto”)

51
Q

Psychology as the behaviourist views it is

A

A purely objective experimental branch of natural science

52
Q

The theoretical goal of behaviourist view is

A

The prediction and control of behaviour

53
Q

Introspection forms no

A

Essential part of its methods nor is ten scientific value of its data dependent upon the readiness with which they lend themselves to interpretation in terms of consciousness

54
Q

Psychology as the science of behaviour challenges view that

A

Consuls experience should be the subject matter of psychology. Human testimony is unreliable, unverifiable and incapable of quantification. Lacks scientific rigour

55
Q

Psychology as the science of behaviour proposes that psychology is about

A

Understanding, explaining and predicting people’s behaviour. The subject matter of psychology should therefore be behaviour

56
Q

Unlike subjective experience,

A

Behaviour is objective and measurable. It is therefore possible to investigate it using scientific methods

57
Q

Psychology as the science of behaviour is influenced by

A

Studies of animal learning. Analysis of animals behaviour provides insight into how learning takes place

58
Q

Behavioural approach has remained at the heart of

A

Psychological enquiry ever since

59
Q

19th century sees

A

Psychology emerge at the conjunction of philosophy and physiology

60
Q

Questions and methods recognisable

A

To a modern psychologist

61
Q

Interospective method does not

A

Stand the try of time

62
Q

Over time emphasis shifts to studying

A

Behaviour. Very strong recruit against mentalist explanations of behaviour (behaviourism)

63
Q

Very little mention of the mind or mental experience for at least

A

50 years

64
Q

Beahvioural methods and many behaviourist ideas

A

Still dominant in contemporary psychology

Psychology (8 decks)

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