Learning - Book Flashcards

1
Q

What did Pavlov show in his classical conditioning experiment? Be sure to be able to identify the US, UR, CS, and CR

A

Dogs’ brains were learning that if a certain condition was met (food bowl arrived), the food would soon arrive.

Unconditioned stimulus: Food
Unconditioned response: Dog’s saliva
Conditioned stimulus: Pavlov entering the room / bell
Condition response: Salivation

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2
Q

What is stimulus generalization?

A

Tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus so that learning is not tired too narrowly to the specific stimuli

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3
Q

What is discrimination?

A

Occurs when we learn to respond to a specific stimulus but not to similar stimuli, thus preventing overgeneralization

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4
Q

What do the Little Albert studies show? How can fear be conditioned?

A

That fear, a more complex response than salivating, can also be conditioned. Negative associations that are learned from past experiences (going to the dentist)

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5
Q

How do advertisers use classical conditioning principles?

A

Build association between brand and good feelings by using attractive people

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6
Q

What is a conditioned taste aversion?

A

Associate nausea with food rather than other environmental factors

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7
Q

How is operant conditioning different from classical conditioning?

A

Mechanism by which our behavior operates on the environment, acting as an instrument or tool for us to change it. Involves voluntary actions or behaviors

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8
Q

What was Thorndike’s Law of Effect?

A

Behavior is a function of its consequences

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9
Q

What are reinforcers? What’s the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers?

A

Increased likelihood of behavior being repeated
Primary: Satisfy some biological need and effective regardless of prior experience like hunger
Secondary: Learned, acquiring value through experience because of their association with primary reinforcers

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10
Q

How are positive and negative reinforcements procesess similar and different?

A

Positive: Behavior leads to a stimulus being presented; Negative: Behavior leads to a stimulus being removed
Increases likelihood of a behavior; Independent of whether the outcome is desired or undesired; objective facts about observable responses

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11
Q

How are positive and negative punishments similar and different?

A

Weakens or decreases the likelihood of a behavior; positive - stimulus is presented so behavior decreases (ticket for speeding), negative: decreases behavior by removing stimulus (losing your license after too many tickets)

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12
Q

hat is the difference between a continuous schedule of reinforcement and a partial schedule of reinforcement?

A

Continuous: Behavior is rewarded every time, rapid acquisition of the behavior, but also rapid extinction
Partial: Behavior is rewarded only some of the time

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13
Q

What are the different types of partial schedules of reinforcement? How are the outcomes differ for each?

A

Ratio schedules: Determined by behavior
Interval schedules: Determined by time
Both have fixed and variable forms, variable schedules more resistant to extinction

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14
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

A method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior.

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15
Q

What is a Skinner box?

A

Examine operant conditioning in lab animals; small world where the researcher had complete control over everything the animal might experience

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16
Q

How are reinforcement and punishment different?

A

Reinforcement: Increased likelihood of behavior being repeated
Punishment: Decreased likelihood of behavior being repeated

17
Q

What is reinforcement and what are the different types of reinforcement?

A

Primary reinforcers - satisfy some biological need and are effective regardless of a person’s experience
Secondary reinforcers - learned, acquiring value through experience because of their association with primary reinforcers

18
Q

What do “negative” and “positive” mean in operant conditioning?

A

Positive means you are adding something, negative means you are taking something away

19
Q

What is insight?

A

We spontaneously become aware of a solution (aha moment) and our behavior from that point is drastically different

20
Q

What is shaping and chaining?

A

Shaping: Teaching the desired response by reenforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior
Chaining: Learn the behavior by observing a model, and then learners serve as a model for others to learn from

21
Q

What is insight learning?

A

A type of learning that uses reason, especially to form conclusions, inferences, or judgments, to solve a problem.

22
Q

What is observational learning?

A

Imitation of simple action to the learning of complex skills and social behaviors

23
Q

What are social learning theory and cultural transmission of learning?

A

Social learning theory: Observational learning in children