Cognitive - Book Flashcards
What are mental sets?
Internal mental symbols that stand for some object, event, or state of affairs in the world; allows us to think about things even when they are absent
What is the difference between automatic and controlled systems?
Thinking that is used to make decisions
Controlled: Slower and more effortful and leads to more thought and rational outcomes
Automatic: Fast and fairly effortless and leads to decent outcomes most of the time
What are belief perseverance and confirmation bias?
Confirmation bias: The tendency to look for and weigh evidence that confirms preexisting beliefs more strongly than evidence that is consistent with those beliefs
Belief perseverance: Confirmation bias can make it difficult for people to change their beliefs, even when faced with disconfirming evidence
What is framing?
The way an issue is presented
What is framing?
The way an issue is presented
What is loss aversion?
People try to make choices that will minimize or avoid losses
What are overconfidence and hindsight biases?
Overconfidence: The tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one’s knowledge and judgments
Hindsight: Overestimate the likelihood that they would have predicted some outcome
Define language
Shared system of symbols including spoken, written, and signed words / gestures, and a set of rules for how to combine those symbols to communicate meaning
Define Phonemes
Individual speech sounds
Define Morphemes:
Smallest measure of language which carry bits of meaning
Define syntax
Grammatical rules that govern how words and phrases combine into well-formed sentences
