learning approaches: BEHAVIOURISM

Question 1

introspection

Answer 1

method with the aim of structuralism, looking into your thoughts and observing sensations and feelings

Question 2

structuralism

Answer 2

Behaviourism
study of structure of mind but breaking it down into sensations and feelings, hence isolating the structure of consciousness

Question 3

limitations of introspection

Answer 3

• reports may be distorted : accidentally/purposefully
• there is a delay between conscious experience and reports: you can forget some of it

Question 4

benefits of introspection

Answer 4

-encourages other researches to find other ways to carry out structuralism
- example of objective controlled lab conditions

Question 5

wundt

Answer 5

• father of psych
• founded introspection
• begun separation of philosophy from psych

Question 6

behaviourism

Answer 6

-believes we learn from experiences and environment
- founded by watson
- believed we are born a blank slate. ( locke? )
- Not focused on our inner conscious experiences
- new behaviour is from operant/classical conditioning
- animals and humans are similar

Question 7

classical conditioning

Answer 7

learning through association of two stimuli

Question 8

operant conditioning

Answer 8

learning by reinforcements, behaviour is shaped by consequences

Question 9

Pavlovs Dog

Answer 9

He rang a bell shortly before presenting food to a dog. At first dogs showed no signs response (unconditioned stimulus) , over time the dogs began to associate the sound of the bell with food which again eventually the dogs could salivate ( conditioned response + conditioned stimulus = classical conditioning)

Question 10

Study on classically conditioning fear

Answer 10

Little Albert ( Watson and Reyner)
1920 ( Little Albert ) AIM:demonstrating of how boy could be taught to acquire fear through classical conditioning.
whenever 11 month old played with white rat a metal bar was struck with a hammer behind him. The noise terrified him to the point that after the boy was conditioned a few times, the mouse alone was enough to cause him distress.
Shows neutral stim (rat) can trigger fear (conditioned response) by being associated with the event that natural produces fear (loud bang) which is the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 11

Watson and reyner

Answer 11

1920 ( Little Albert ) AIM:demonstrating of how boy could be taught to acquire fear through classical conditioning.
whenever 11 month old played with white rat a metal bar was struck with a hammer behind him. The noise terrified him to the point that after the boy was conditioned a few times, the mouse alone was enough to cause him distress.
Shows neutral stim (rat) can trigger fear (conditioned response) by being associated with the event that natural produces fear (loud bang) which is the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 12

Operant conditioning study

Answer 12

SKINNERS BOX:
- He placed a rat in a box and they are conditioned to push a lever/ press a button that will either stop a negative experience (electric shocks) or reinforce a positive reward (receiving food pellets)

Question 13

Skinners box

Answer 13

SKINNERS BOX:
- He placed a rat in a box and they are conditioned to push a lever/ press a button that will either stop a negative experience (electric shocks) or reinforce a positive reward (receiving food pellets)

Question 14

Reinforcement meaning + eg

Answer 14

REINFORCEMENT: strengthen/ repeat behaviour
-Positive reinforcement: increasing likelihood of response in order to receive a reward.
-Negative reinforcement: increase likelihood of a response to remove unpleasant circumstance.

Question 15

Punishment meaning + eg

Answer 15

PUNISHMENT: weaken/reduce behaviour
-Positive punishment: decreasing a behaviour by giving something unpleasant ( e.g: a detention is given to reduce bad behaviour )
-Negative punishment: decrease a behaviour by removing something desirable ( e.g: like a penalty, toys being TAKEN AWAY as a punishment to reduce bad behaviour

Question 16

Extinction

Answer 16

if the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus then the conditioned response will disSapear.
e.g: If bell in Pavlov’s experiment is repeatedly presented without food, salivation will slowl dissapear.

Question 17

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 17

SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY - although condition response is gone it’ll spontaneously appear at later times. ( dog salivating at sound of bell later times )

Question 18

Generalisation

Answer 18

GENERALISATION - the conditioned stimulus could be altered slightly in some form and still cause conditioned response ( bell could be altered in tone or volume and still cause salivation)

Question 19

discrimination (behaviourism)

Answer 19

DISCRIMINATION - the point where generalisation doesn’t work as its not similar enough to original conditioned stimulus. ( sound is too different and no salivation occurs)