Learning And Motivation - The Shawshank Redemption Flashcards
Classical Conditioning
Before Conditioning:
• unconditioned stimulus -> unconditioned response
• neutral stimulus -> no unconditioned response
During Conditioning:
• neutral stimulus + unconditioned stimulus -> unconditioned response
After Conditioning:
• conditioned stimulus -> conditioned response
Operant Conditioning
Involves reinforcement and punishment, learning from experiences and others
Positive Reinforcement
Presenting a stimulus to increase behavior
Negative Reinforcement
Remove stimulus to increase behavior
Positive Punishment
Presenting stimulus to decrease behavior
Negative Punishment
Removing stimulus to decrease behavior
Fixed Interval
Reinforcement after a fixed interval of time
Variable Interval
Reinforcement after a inconsistent amount of time
Fixed Ratio
Reinforcement administered after a fixed number of responses
Variable Ratio
Reinforcement after a random number of responses
What schedule of reinforcement produces more responses?
Ratio schedules
Social Learning
The idea that we learn many behaviors before preforming them for the first time
Modeling
Learning through imitation alone with no instruction
Imitation
Reproduction of an act seen in someone else
Vicarious Reinforcement
Copying behavior when we see it get rewarded
Vicarious Punishment
Not doing behaviors that we see others being punished for
Self-Efficacy
A belief about how well one can do something in a particular situation
What does self-efficacy determine?
- If we try to perform behavior
- How long we persist in the behavior
- How success or failure affects future behavior
Extrinsic Motivation
- Classical conditioning
- Operant conditioning
- Social learning
- Social cognition
Social Cognition
Influence of others on thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
Locus of Control
Attributing events to external or internal factors
Specific Expectancy
Belief that a certain behavior at a certain time leads to a specific outcome
Generalized Expectancies
Beliefs about whether anything one does makes any difference at all
External Locus of Control
Expectancies that events are outside of one’s own control
Internal Locus of Control
Expectancies that reinforcing events are under one’s own control
Institutionalized
Rendering people dependent on external constraints so they lose the capacity to rely on personal limits to guide actions
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Stimulus that leads to an unconditioned response
Unconditioned Response (UR)
The natural response to the unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus
Paired with the unconditioned stimulus to create the conditioned response
Conditioned Response
The initially natural response now attached to a conditioned stimulus
Schedules of Reinforcement
Any rule that states which instances of behavior will be reinforced
