Learning And Motivation - The Shawshank Redemption

Question 1

Classical Conditioning

Answer 1

Before Conditioning:
• unconditioned stimulus -> unconditioned response
• neutral stimulus -> no unconditioned response
During Conditioning:
• neutral stimulus + unconditioned stimulus -> unconditioned response
After Conditioning:
• conditioned stimulus -> conditioned response

Question 2

Operant Conditioning

Answer 2

Involves reinforcement and punishment, learning from experiences and others

Question 3

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 3

Presenting a stimulus to increase behavior

Question 4

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 4

Remove stimulus to increase behavior

Question 5

Positive Punishment

Answer 5

Presenting stimulus to decrease behavior

Question 6

Negative Punishment

Answer 6

Removing stimulus to decrease behavior

Question 7

Fixed Interval

Answer 7

Reinforcement after a fixed interval of time

Question 8

Variable Interval

Answer 8

Reinforcement after a inconsistent amount of time

Question 9

Fixed Ratio

Answer 9

Reinforcement administered after a fixed number of responses

Question 10

Variable Ratio

Answer 10

Reinforcement after a random number of responses

Question 11

What schedule of reinforcement produces more responses?

Answer 11

Ratio schedules

Question 12

Social Learning

Answer 12

The idea that we learn many behaviors before preforming them for the first time

Question 13

Modeling

Answer 13

Learning through imitation alone with no instruction

Question 14

Imitation

Answer 14

Reproduction of an act seen in someone else

Question 15

Vicarious Reinforcement

Answer 15

Copying behavior when we see it get rewarded

Question 16

Vicarious Punishment

Answer 16

Not doing behaviors that we see others being punished for

Question 17

Self-Efficacy

Answer 17

A belief about how well one can do something in a particular situation

Question 18

What does self-efficacy determine?

Answer 18

1. If we try to perform behavior
2. How long we persist in the behavior
3. How success or failure affects future behavior

Question 19

Extrinsic Motivation

Answer 19

1. Classical conditioning
2. Operant conditioning
3. Social learning
4. Social cognition

Question 20

Social Cognition

Answer 20

Influence of others on thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

Question 21

Locus of Control

Answer 21

Attributing events to external or internal factors

Question 22

Specific Expectancy

Answer 22

Belief that a certain behavior at a certain time leads to a specific outcome

Question 23

Generalized Expectancies

Answer 23

Beliefs about whether anything one does makes any difference at all

Question 24

External Locus of Control

Answer 24

Expectancies that events are outside of one’s own control

Question 25

Internal Locus of Control

Answer 25

Expectancies that reinforcing events are under one’s own control

Question 26

Institutionalized

Answer 26

Rendering people dependent on external constraints so they lose the capacity to rely on personal limits to guide actions

Question 27

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Answer 27

Stimulus that leads to an unconditioned response

Question 28

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Answer 28

The natural response to the unconditioned stimulus

Question 29

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 29

Paired with the unconditioned stimulus to create the conditioned response

Question 30

Conditioned Response

Answer 30

The initially natural response now attached to a conditioned stimulus

Question 31

Schedules of Reinforcement

Answer 31

Any rule that states which instances of behavior will be reinforced