Learning and Memory Flashcards
researchers repeatedly startle a participant with a loud buzzer. after some time, the participant stops being startled. if the researchers banged pans together, which would be observed
A) increased startle response to buzzer
B) decreased startle response to buzzer
C) no change
D) generalization to previously non-aversive stimuli
A) increased startle response to buzzer
They became habituated. by adding a new stimulus you should dishabituate the original stimulus
pets will run to the kitchen when they hear the sound of a can opener. the sound of the can opener is a
A) Conditioned response
B) unconditioned response
C) conditioned stimulus
D) unconditioned stimulus
C) conditioned stimulus
a person suffers from food poisoning after eating a spoiled lemon, and later finds that the smell of lines and other citrus fruits makes her nauseous. this is an ex of
A) acquisition
B) generalization
C) discrimination
D) neg reinforcement
B) generalization
which would increase the likelihood of a behavior
A) extinction
B) neg punishment
C) pos punishment
D) avoidance learning
D) avoidance learning
its a type of neg reinforcement in which a behavior is increased to prevent an unpleasant future consequence
Punishments - leads to decreased behaviors in operant conditioning
A rat is trained to press a lever to obtain food under a fixed-interval schedule. which of the following behaviors would the rat exhibit
A) pressing lever contnuously whenever its hungry
B) pressing lever exactly once and waiting for food before pressing it again
C) pressing lever slowly at first, but with increasing frequency as the end of the interval approaches
D) none of the above; the association formed by fixed interval schedules is too weak to increased behavior
C) pressing lever slowly at first, but with increasing frequency as the end of the interval approaches
this is true for fixed interval and fixed ratio
what is controlled processing
it always requires active attention to the info being encoded
effortful processing is used to create long term memories and with practice become automatic
which of the following methods of encoding is most conductive to later recall
A) semantic
B) visual
C) iconic
D) acoustic
A) semantic - based on the meaning of the info
its the strongest of the methods of encoding
visual encoding is the weakest, acoustic is intermediate
Iconic is a type of sensory memory
an individual memorizes a shopping list by associating each item with an image that corresponds with a number. this individual is using which mnemonic
A) clustering
B) method of loci
C) elaborative rehearsal
D) peg words
D) peg words
Method of loci - associate items with locations
which is an ex of semantic memory
A) having ability to drive a car
B) knowing the parts of a car engine
C) remembering the experience of learning to drive
D) associating a car with other vehicles in a semantic network
B) knowing the parts of a car engine
semantic - long term memory for facts, rather than experiences or skills
which would an elderly invidual most likely have touble recalling
A) how they met their significant other
B) a drs appt at 1pm
C) the names of her favorite bookds
D) that a library book needs to be returned when passing by the library on a morning walk
B) a drs appt at 1pm
What is retrograde amnesia
Inability to remember previously formed memories
_____________ is the process of creating but fabricated memories, typically thought to be an attempt made by the brain to fill the gaps of missing memories
Confabulation
_______ is the loss of the ability to recognize objects, people, or sounds
agnosia
Usually caused by multiple sclerosis
Which reinforcement?
researchers reward a rat first after 2 button presses, then 8, then 4 and then 6
Variable ratio
Reinforces behavior after a carying number of performances of the behavior
Which reinforcement?
Once the rat gets a pellet, it has to wait 60s before it can get another pellet. the first lever press after 60s gets a pellet, but subsequent presses during those 60s accomplish nothing.
firxed interval
which reinforcement is when a behavior is rewarded every time its performed?
fixed ratio schedule
which reinforcement?
a rat gets a pellet after 90s, then 30s, then 3min.
variable interval schedule
_________, which is learning that occurs without a reward but thats spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced.
Latent learning
Hidden/concealed
rats learned about mazes in which they roamed even when they were unrewarded for doing so
learning can occur without reinforcement
List the 3 types of encoding and state which is the best to worst
- semantic is the best –> the more vivid the context, the better
- Acoustic encoding is in the middle –> store the way something sounds
- Visual encoding is the worst –> store something we can visualize
We tend to recall info best when we put it into the context of our own lives, a phenomenon called _________
the self referencing effect
The _____________ involves associating each item in a list with a location along a route through a building that has already been memorized
method of loci
What is a peg-word system?
recalling that associates numbers with items that rhyme with or resemble the numbers
What is the quickest type of memory? what are 2 types of this memory?
Sensory memory
- iconic (visual) - occipital
- echoic (auditory). - temporal
where is short term memory housed?
the HPC
