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Kaplan Psychology/Sociology > Cognition, Consciousness, and Language > Flashcards

Cognition, Consciousness, and Language Flashcards

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1
Q

which of the following terms describes how existing schemata are modified to incorporate new info

A) assimilation

B) adaptation

C) affirmation

D) accommodation

A

D) accommodation

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2
Q

Which of Piagets stages of cog development occur before adolesceince?

I. Sensorimotor

II. Preoperational

III. Formal Operational

A) I

B) II

C) I and II

D) II and III

A

C) I and II

Sensory - to age 2

Preop - to age 7

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3
Q

What is a schema?

A

a way your brain organizes events - on how things will occur, what will you do, what should you do, how should things play out

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4
Q

Assimilation vs accommodation

A

Assimilation - adding new info into existing schema

accommodation - modifying an existing schema so new info can fit

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5
Q

Piagets cog developmental stages and importances

A
  1. Sensorimotor (Up to age 2)

End of sensorimotor stage is object permanence: knowing that when an object is out of site it still exists (Peek a boo)

  1. Preoperational (2 to 7)

Egocentric, symbolic thinking, and don’t understand conservation: a child can be presented with 2 identical quantities of pizza, one plate is a single large slice while the other is the same big slice but cut in half. a child in this stage will be unable to tell that the quantities are equal and will focus on the number of slices

  1. Concrete operational (up to age 11)

These children understand conservation

consider the perspective of others

cannot think abstract

  1. Formal Operational (age 11 and up)

abstract thinking

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6
Q

Fluid intelligence vs crystallized intelligence

A

Fluid - problem solving

Crystal - use of learned skills and knowledge

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7
Q

the 3 steps in the information processing model are

A

encoding

storage

retrieval

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8
Q

an elderly man has been talking to his wife for the past 2 days even tho she has been dead for 4 years. prior to that, he was normal. he most likely has

A) delitrium

B) dementia

A

delirium

the time course is incompatible with the slow decline of dementia

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9
Q

___________ is defined as the inability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional manner

A

functional fixedness

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10
Q

_____ states that both verbal association and visual images are used to process and store info

A

Dual-coding theory

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11
Q

What type of reasoning statts from a set of general rules and drawns conclusions from the info given

A

Deductive (top down) reasoning

Top down uses existing info to analyze

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12
Q

which type of reasoning proposes a theory based off of generalizations

A

Inductive (bottom up) reasoning

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13
Q

What is the availability heuristic?

A

when we try to decide how likely something is

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14
Q

what heuristic involves categorizing items on the basis of whether they fit into the protype, stereotype, or representative image of the category?

A

representative heuristic

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15
Q

using prototypes or stereotypical factors while ignoring actual numerical info is called the ______

A

base rate fallacy

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16
Q

what is confirmation bias?

A

the tendency to focus on info that fits an individuals beliefs, while rejecting info that goes against them

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17
Q

what is an EEG?

A

records an average of the electrical patterns within different portions of the brain

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18
Q

What are brain waves when we are awake?

Stage 1? 2? 3/4?

A

Awake - beta and alpha

stage 1 - theta

stage 2 - theta

stage 3/4 - delta waves

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19
Q

How is melatonin released and what is it?

A

a serotonin-derived hormone from the pineal gland

Hypo controls the pineal gland to release melatonin

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20
Q

How does cortisol get released?

A

increasing light causes the release of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) from the hypothalamus.

CRF causes the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary which stimulates cortisol (steroid hormone) release from the adrenal cortex

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21
Q

What is a dyssomnia?

A

difficult falling asleep, staying asleep, or avoid sleep

includes insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea

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22
Q

What is parasomnia?

A

abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep

night terrors

sleep walking

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23
Q

What does alcohol do to your brain?

A

It increases the activity of GABA (a chloride channel) that causes hyperpolarization and brain inhibition

24
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is characterized by what

A

thiamine deficiency (B1)

25
Q

which drug was used for anxiety-reducing effects?

A

Barbituates

they increases GABA activity causing a sense of relaxation

26
Q

What are amphetamines?

A

they increase the release of dopamine, NE, and 5HT at the synapse and inhibit their reuptake

they reduce apetite and decrease the need for sleep

increases HR and BP

27
Q

What is cocaine?

A

An amphetamine

increases DA at the synapse

28
Q

What is Ecstasy?

A

an amphetamine and hallucinogen

29
Q

What is heroin?

A

An opiate - causes a decrease in pain and increase in euphoria

the body rapidly metabolizes heroin to morphine

30
Q

Describe marijuana

A

THC is the active chemical that binds to CBN receptors and glycine receptors

THC inhibits GABA activity and indirectly increases DA activity

31
Q

Describe the drug addiction pathway

A

Mesolimbic pathway - DA

includes the nuc accumbens, ventral tegmental area and medial forebrain.

its the reward and pleasure pathway

32
Q

What is divided attention

A

to focus on multiple tasks at once

33
Q

what is automatic processing

A

permits the brain to focus on other tasks with divided attention

34
Q

What refers to the actual sound of language

A

Phonology

35
Q

What is categorical perception?

A

when children realize that pronunciation of a word varies between people

an auditory example of constancy

36
Q

What refers to the structure of words?

A

morphology

37
Q

many words are composed of multuple building blocks called

A

morphemes

38
Q

What are language semantics?

A

association with words

a child must learn that a combination of phonemes represent certain physical objects or events

39
Q

____ refers to how words are put together to form sentences

A

syntax

40
Q

_____ refers to the dependence of language on context and preexisting knowledge

A

pragmatics

41
Q

What is prosody?

A

the rhythm and inflection of our voices - poetry

42
Q

Language aquisition

9-12 months:

12 to 18 months:

18 to 20 months:

2 to 3 years:

5 years:

A

9-12 months: babbling

12 to 18 months: one word per month

18 to 20 months: combining words - explosion of language

2 to 3 years: longer sentences (3 words or more)

5 years: mastered largely

43
Q

What is the critical and sensitive period?

A

the period before puberty where the brain is highly plastic

44
Q

Whats the interactionist theory?

A

allows for the role of the brain development in the acquisition of language

45
Q

What is conduction aphasia?

A

when the arcuate fasciculus is affected - brocas and wern. is unaffected.

patient wont be able to repeat something that has been said because the connection between the 2 regions has been lost

46
Q

K4

A

A

47
Q

K5

A

A

48
Q

K6

A

B

49
Q

K7

A

C

50
Q

K8

A

C

51
Q

K9

A

D

52
Q

K10

A

C

53
Q

K11

A

C

54
Q

K12

A

B learning theory - behaviorist

55
Q

K13

A

A

56
Q

K14

A

C

57
Q

K3

A

C

Kaplan Psychology/Sociology (6 decks)

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