Cognition, Consciousness, and Language Flashcards
which of the following terms describes how existing schemata are modified to incorporate new info
A) assimilation
B) adaptation
C) affirmation
D) accommodation
D) accommodation
Which of Piagets stages of cog development occur before adolesceince?
I. Sensorimotor
II. Preoperational
III. Formal Operational
A) I
B) II
C) I and II
D) II and III
C) I and II
Sensory - to age 2
Preop - to age 7
What is a schema?
a way your brain organizes events - on how things will occur, what will you do, what should you do, how should things play out
Assimilation vs accommodation
Assimilation - adding new info into existing schema
accommodation - modifying an existing schema so new info can fit
Piagets cog developmental stages and importances
- Sensorimotor (Up to age 2)
End of sensorimotor stage is object permanence: knowing that when an object is out of site it still exists (Peek a boo)
- Preoperational (2 to 7)
Egocentric, symbolic thinking, and don’t understand conservation: a child can be presented with 2 identical quantities of pizza, one plate is a single large slice while the other is the same big slice but cut in half. a child in this stage will be unable to tell that the quantities are equal and will focus on the number of slices
- Concrete operational (up to age 11)
These children understand conservation
consider the perspective of others
cannot think abstract
- Formal Operational (age 11 and up)
abstract thinking
Fluid intelligence vs crystallized intelligence
Fluid - problem solving
Crystal - use of learned skills and knowledge
the 3 steps in the information processing model are
encoding
storage
retrieval
an elderly man has been talking to his wife for the past 2 days even tho she has been dead for 4 years. prior to that, he was normal. he most likely has
A) delitrium
B) dementia
delirium
the time course is incompatible with the slow decline of dementia
___________ is defined as the inability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional manner
functional fixedness
_____ states that both verbal association and visual images are used to process and store info
Dual-coding theory
What type of reasoning statts from a set of general rules and drawns conclusions from the info given
Deductive (top down) reasoning
Top down uses existing info to analyze
which type of reasoning proposes a theory based off of generalizations
Inductive (bottom up) reasoning
What is the availability heuristic?
when we try to decide how likely something is
what heuristic involves categorizing items on the basis of whether they fit into the protype, stereotype, or representative image of the category?
representative heuristic
using prototypes or stereotypical factors while ignoring actual numerical info is called the ______
base rate fallacy
what is confirmation bias?
the tendency to focus on info that fits an individuals beliefs, while rejecting info that goes against them
what is an EEG?
records an average of the electrical patterns within different portions of the brain
What are brain waves when we are awake?
Stage 1? 2? 3/4?
Awake - beta and alpha
stage 1 - theta
stage 2 - theta
stage 3/4 - delta waves
How is melatonin released and what is it?
a serotonin-derived hormone from the pineal gland
Hypo controls the pineal gland to release melatonin
How does cortisol get released?
increasing light causes the release of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) from the hypothalamus.
CRF causes the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary which stimulates cortisol (steroid hormone) release from the adrenal cortex
What is a dyssomnia?
difficult falling asleep, staying asleep, or avoid sleep
includes insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea
What is parasomnia?
abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep
night terrors
sleep walking
What does alcohol do to your brain?
It increases the activity of GABA (a chloride channel) that causes hyperpolarization and brain inhibition
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is characterized by what
thiamine deficiency (B1)
