Learning and memory

Question 1

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 1

• backward-acting
• loss of memory for events or information learned BEFORE the amnesia-inducing lesion
• Mild in H.M.

Question 2

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 2

• forward-acting
• loss of memory for events or information learned AFTER the amnesia-inducing lesion
• Severe in H.M.

Question 3

Which lobes are involved in memory

Answer 3

medial temporal lobes

Question 4

Medial Temporal Lobe Amnesia

Answer 4

• the ability to learn facts but don’t remember doing it so
• may have trouble imagining future events

-Difficulty forming explicit long term memory but have the ability to retain implicit memory

Question 5

Cerebral Ischemia can result in…

Answer 5

medial temporal lobe amnesia

Question 6

damage to hippicamopus can result in

Answer 6

amnesia

Question 7

Korsakoff’s Syndrome causes

Answer 7

• thiamine deficiency
• mediodorsal nucleus damage
• located in diencephalon

Question 8

symptoms of korsakoff syndrome

Answer 8

• anterograde amnesia
• retrograde amnesia, severe memory loss
• Confabulation - invented memories which are then taken as true due to gaps in memory sometimes associated with blackouts

Question 9

A distinct symptom to korsakoff syndrom

Answer 9

• Confabulations
• invented memories which are then taken as true
• due to gaps in memory sometimes associated with blackouts

Question 10

symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease

Answer 10

• Anterograde deficits
• Retrograde deficits
• STM
• Implicit memory – problems with implicit verbal and perceptual info, but usual not implicit sensorimotor

Question 11

the brain on alzheimer’s and causes

Answer 11

• Decreased acetylcholine due to basal forebrain degeneration
• Diffuse brain damage that includes medial temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex

Question 12

Concussion

Answer 12

temporary disturbance in consciousness produced by non-penetrating head injury

Question 13

Posttraumatic Amnesia (PTA)

Answer 13

– amnesia following a non-penetrating blow to the head

• coma and confusion following a coma
• retrograde amnesia – can’t remember events leading up to blow
• anterograde amnesia – can’t remember events during confusion
• Return to normal

Question 14

Memory Consolidation – Hebb’s Theory

Answer 14

Consolidation is a neurological process that involves gradually converting information from short-term memory into long-term memory.

Eventual neural activity will induce structural changes in the synapses -> stable LTM

Question 15

The fact that people with concussions show retrograde amnesia suggest….

Answer 15

memory consolidation is strongly affected

Question 16

time of Consolidation of a memory test takes between

Answer 16

10 min and 1 hour but can also continue a long time after learning

Question 17

what is an engram

Answer 17

change in the brain that stores a memory

Question 18

Standard consolidation theory

Answer 18

memories are temporarily stored in the hippocampus until they can be transferred to a more stable cortical system

Question 19

Multiple trace theory

Answer 19

• Hippocampus stores memories permanently
• Each time memory is recalled, new engram is established and linked to original engram
• Thus, the more a memory is recalled, the more resistant it becomes to disruption
• essentially, hipp is strengthening memory

Question 20

What is the Reconsolidation Hypothesis?

Answer 20

• Each time a memory is retrieved from long term memory, it is temporarily held in short term memory
• Memory in short term memory is capable to post-traumatic amnesia until it is brought together

Question 21

Evidence for Reconsolidation Hypothesis

Answer 21

Anisomycin – a protein synthesis inhibitor

• anisomycin in injected in amygdala
• causes forget what they were conditioned ….as if they never learned it to begin with

Question 22

part of brain associated with object recognition

Answer 22

rhinal cortex….especially perirhinal cortex

Question 23

The effects the amygdala and hippocampus had on object recognition

Answer 23

NONE

Question 24

Hippocampus plays a key role in memory for

Answer 24

spacial location

Question 25

small lesions of the hippocampus (from ischemias) lead to a severe deficit due to

Answer 25

• Ischemia-induced hyperactivity of CA1 pyramidal cells damages neurons outside of the hippocampus
• glutamate wave of death is killing other parts and it is spreading

Question 26

Evidence of ischemia damage…

Answer 26

immediate complete removal of hippocampus stops glutamate wave of death and from damage being spread

Question 27

The major source of info that sends spatial info to hippocampus is the…

Answer 27

Entorhinal cortex

Question 28

Grid cells

Answer 28

cells that fire when you are in a place…place where you are within space…organize where you are in space

Question 29

Cognitive map theory

Answer 29

• We construct and stores allocentric maps of the world
• (allocentric=you can imagine that an item is in a particular location to another person/object)
• Firing of place cells also depends on recent or pending behavior that happens in that location (what you are doing)